Fashion Junkies Essay Example

Design Junkies Essay Alycia Griffin Professor Michael Bedsole English 101 16 September 2012 Fashion Junkie Every organization needs to have new thoughts for their promotion battles, to attract their crowd. Sisley endeavored to attract the shopper utilizing a commercial that portrayed two ladies taking an interest in unlawful practices. The notice may have been viewed as funny, had it not been so obscene. Sisley’s endeavor at pulling the buyer in brought about an impact that certainly got the eyes of their focused on crowd, however not in a way that could be viewed as positive. Is design, an addictive and dangerous bad habit, decimating its expected and focused on crowd; the purchaser? In 2007, the design line, Sisley, whose parent organization is United Colors of Benetton, discharged a print advertisement with the words â€Å"Fashion Junkie† in the focal point of the page. From the start thought, without having seen the advertisement, an individual would not have considered it on the grounds that the term â€Å"fashion junkie† is generally utilized by the individuals who love style. In the advertisement, however, it delineates two youthful, lovely ladies participating in practices that would be viewed as tactless. It is set in a dull room that gives a scary inclination; it gives the watcher a feeling that there is not much or light about Sisley’s line. One of the ladies is plunking down while the different is by all accounts inclining toward the table. On the table there is a Mastercard with white powder on it. Close to the charge card there is likewise a white strappy dress lain on the table that the ladies appear to be â€Å"snorting† just as it were cocaine. The women’s position against the table appeared to show a need or reliance for the medications appeared. The ladies are wearing what resembles party dresses. We will compose a custom paper test on Fashion Junkies explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Fashion Junkies explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Fashion Junkies explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Them two are wearing cosmetics that is dim and have their hair free and down. One of the models is looking towards the watcher, as it were, with an inert articulation in her eyes. Both their outward appearances give the possibility that they are unstable on illicit medications, clearly. In the focal point of the page it peruses â€Å"Sisley† in every capital letter with the words â€Å"Fashioin Junkie† underneath. The word â€Å"fashion† was incorrectly spelled; it is somewhat of a figure of speech to make style sound like heroin. Sisley endeavored to sell their line of attire by gathering that their garments are addictive and leave you needing more from them. Sadly, they flopped in that regard. The fundamental focal point of the promotion ought to have been the models and the pieces of clothing that they were wearing, yet promptly, the main thing saw is the zombie-like articulation of one of the models. On the other model, one of her areolas is obviously observable. Sisley’s sister organization, United Colors of Benetton, drove the route in the design world during the eighties, characterizing style at that period. Benetton is known for showcasing their image while continually tending to national and universal issues. As sister organization to Sisley, it is improbable that Benetton would need to be related with Sisley when they are discharging such shocking commercials that can be taken contrarily in a greater number of ways than one. The promotion likewise exhibits a charge card from Chase Bank that seems as though it was utilized to cut the lines of cocaine. Sisley causes it to appear as if Chase Bank is approving this conduct and fills in as help to the addictive way of life that style and medications bring. Taking a gander at the notice, the crowd doubtlessly accept that the two ladies imagined are models. There are as of now many negative originations about models and this promotion checks those originations as it were. Numerous individuals in the overall population take a gander at models as very thin ladies with weight the board issues just as medication issues. Individuals like Kate Moss further invigorate these generalizations and confusions. It appears as if Sisley was endeavoring to utilize the way that models take medicates with an end goal to deal with their weight to control their audience’s mind by having the two models â€Å"snorting† the dress through white straws. Thusly there was an immediate connection between's the design business and the medication culture. For certain individuals style really is a dependence. A few people lose all their cash with an end goal to keep awake to date with the most recent patterns. This is the place the cocaine bound Chase Bank charge card comes in. The vast majority know about the expression â€Å"Get it using a credit card. † Sisley focused on the point that regardless of whether you don’t have cash in your own belonging, their item is staggering to such an extent that it merits maximizing your Mastercards. The way that cocaine is known as the â€Å"rich kid drug† further backings Sisley’s exertion at attempting to cause it to appear ike their garments are addictive. Besides, the way that cocaine is known as the â€Å"rich kid drug† may even give the customer a thought that the item is costly. They even ventured to such an extreme as to utilize the Visa to cut the lines of cocaine, which additionally connects the medication culture and style industry. This is a style commercial, however Sisley missed the mark in their push to sell their real dress line. There’s a dim nature of the notice which overwhelms the dress. From the start, you don't see anything of what they have on. You may see what the young lady on the left is wearing just on the grounds that she has an areola sneaking out of her dress and doesn’t appear to mind whether it recognizable or not. On the off chance that you really investigated what the two women were wearing, you could see that their outfits were in reality classy and professional. Most articles of clothing considered high style that are seen on runways are in vogue, however not the slightest bit useful. The outfits that these two ladies were wearing were garments that buyers may really think about purchasing and would remember for their every day closet. This is veiled by all the limits happening directly before the watchers face, removing the consideration from what the ad was initially aiming to sell. In spite of the fact that Sisley neglects to sell their attire line, what they prevail with regards to doing is corrupting ladies all in all. The promotion doesn't say much regarding their style and it says even less of how an aware, tasteful lady ought to keep out of mischief. There are hardly any individuals that would approve of their kid seeing this promotion in Seventeen or Teen Vogue. It is negative symbolism that doesn't convey a positive message to youngsters and adolescents of the more youthful age experiencing childhood in today’s society. The promotion entirely approves the utilization of cocaine, or rather, any illicit substance. It tosses delightful individuals despite the customer in light of the fact that as people, individuals are masterminds, yet they are likewise adherents. Sisley abused that reality realizing that on the off chance that they put two wonderful ladies in their promotion battle, taking an interest in under elegant exercises, it would lure the youngsters to help their item. After the 1980’s, heroin emerged as the medication of decision. Whithered stray like models exemplified this new quality of â€Å"heroin chic;† design tycoons passed on the relationship of fabulousness with heroin (Durant and Thakker). The western perspective on excellence drives those conspicuous in the style business to hope to medications to help control weight just as keep up a specific figure. Medications straightforwardly associate to mold similarly that Wiz Khalifa impacts his Taylor Gang supporters. The customer sees the utilization of medications like heroin, cocaine, maryjane, and so forth by well off persuasive figures and subliminally understands that possibly it is satisfactory to participate in similar exercises that they are seeing. President Clinton expressed in 1997, â€Å"American style has been a gigantic wellspring of inventiveness and magnificence and workmanship and, in all honesty, monetary flourishing for the United States and we should all esteem and regard that. However, the glorification of heroin isn't imaginative, its dangerous. Its not excellent; its revolting. What's more, this isn't about craftsmanship; its about existence and passing. Furthermore, celebrating demise isn't useful for any general public. (Wren)† On February fourth of 1997, David Sorrenti, a design picture taker, overdosed in view of his utilization of heroin. Sorrenti captured his models looking hard and sedated; even magazine editors needed to concede that the â€Å"strung-out† look had a specific degree of temptation to it, albeit harming (Wren). The ad was explicitly coordinated towards a more youthful crowd, in all probability adolescents and youthful grown-ups who are still truly naive in light of the fact that they are well on the way to purchase the items showcased by Sisley. There aren’t many moderately aged and more established ages that would locate this elegant most definitely. Most of the more established populace has just encountered their insubordinate or perilous phase of life and knows the advantages and disadvantages of doing hard medications. Obviously they would not discover this article alluring to their self. Logical Approaches says that â€Å"While the speaker should attempt to build up a thought of her crowd ahead of time, she ought to likewise respond to her crowd as she talks. † Sisley had an away from of who their crowd was, yet the attire organization missed the mark while making this ad since they didn't altogether consider how their crowd would respond to this promotion. Shockingly for Sisley, it was gotten with a lot of negative analysis. Sisley invited their crowd in, however, on the off chance that just to get negative input. This promotion wa

Griswold v. Connecticut Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Griswold v. Connecticut - Research Paper Example In 1873, the administration sanctioned law United States of American that in addition to other things, restricted individuals, even those in legitimate relationships, from utilizing any sort of preventative. The laws were known as the Comstock Law and had been set up until 1965. The Comstock law additionally disallowed doctors from offering guidance or recommending to their patients the utilization of such contraceptives. It additionally had numerous different provisos that identified with moral issues including the utilization of the national postal support of send suggestive materials, sex toys, and whatever other thing that might be unethical. It forestalled the utilization of any medication for motivations behind contraception and restricted the offer of such a medication or thing. This law, was rarely authorized and by the mid 1950s, Connecticut and Massachusetts were the main states in the USA that were all the while having the arrangements of this law in their books of law. The Comstock law was to later be tested by numerous individuals and the open clamor was huge particularly in the start of the twentieth century. Up until the court revoked the Comstock law, specialists stayed away from the point, for example, the distributions of any examination in such issues.

Checking in as we count down to January 5th COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Checking in as we count down to January 5th COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Theres about 10 days until the January 5th application deadline, and I wanted to check in on how youre doing. Hopefully youve gotten your test scores, transcripts, and letters of recommendation squared away, as well as having the bones of your personal state and short essay together. Not there yet? Definitely follow up with your people again. Sometimes things fall through the crack, especially since we all get busy towards the end of the year. Revisit your essays with fresh eyes, and double-check that you answered the prompt. Take a step back to rethink thinks if youre stuck. Will you be writing an Optional Essay? Its not necessary, just another avenue to address in more detail an aspect of your application. And as you know, the application requires a CV not the standard one-page resume youd use for a job application as well as a quantitative/language resume. If youre still unsure about what to include, read this breakdown here. If youre all the way at the end: Did you write Colombia or Columbia? And remember that the video essay is only available after you submit your application and pay the fee! Youre just two minutes away from the finish line. Remember, if youre really unsure about something, the Admissions office is your resource through this process. Reach out to us, especially if you cant find the answer from a reputable source. Were honest with you in that this process is competitive, but dont throw away your shot by not even trying! Do your best to ensure your application can give an accurate picture of not just who you are, but who you want to be after SIPA. As always, were wishing you the best of luck, and we look forward to reading your applications. And dont forget to take time for self-care. (New York Therapy Dogs and SIPA Office of Student Affairs teamed up to bring some self-care-in-dog form to SIPA students during finals week this year.)

Tess of the DUrbervilles by Thomas Hardy Essay - 1070 Words

The term culture comes from cultura animi,† or â€Å"cultivation of the soul.† One’s culture is a manifestation of where they come from, a huge part of who one is. However, when one must fight against one’s own culture, it’s like fighting against oneself. This is what Tess Durbeyfield had to do in Tess of the Durbervilles by Thomas Hardy. Tess’s strength develops as she contends with two cultural issues; the cultural expectation for women to be pure, and the cultural system of a social hierarchy. In Tess of the Durbervilles, there is a double standard for women, for Tess. Women are expected to be pure because without their pureness, they are soiled and unsuitable for marriage. Therefore, when Tess was taken advantage of by Alec†¦show more content†¦. . . How can forgiveness meet such a prestidigitation as that?† (223). This reveals the injustice for women, that women must actively guard their purity with their lives while men ha ve the luxury of making mistakes. Furthermore, for women, it matters not if she is a victim of a crime, as long as a woman is bereft of her purity, she is unworthy to be wed. In fact, the title of the fifth phase is â€Å"The Woman Pays,† suggesting that there is a debt for which Tess must be atoned. However, this debt is not inflicted upon Angel who was corrupt, nor for Alec who defiled Tess. This shows that punishment is reserved solely for women, which reflects on the cultural expectation of a woman’s purity. Despite all that Tess went through, she was able to become stronger because of it. As she told Angel of her woes, â€Å"Tess’s voice throughout had hardly risen higher than its opening tone; there had been no exculpatory phrase of any kind, and she had not wept† (222). The composure that Tess keeps as she recounts her tragic tale is an attestment to to how strong her experiences have made her. 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The Long Term Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injuries

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The further purpose of these studies is to determine the best rehabilitation methods to achieve the highest possibil ity of cognitive functioning. Through the examination of how TBI effect certain areas of the brain, this will allow neuropsychologists to focus rehabilitation efforts specifically on the areas with the most concentrated brain damage. Traumatic Brain Injuries in Children Researching the social and cognitive functioning in children after experiencing a TBI, was the largest area of research articles within the neuropsychological discourse community. Some examples of thisShow MoreRelatedPhineas Gage Suffers a Traumatic Brain Injury1289 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom a traumatic brain injury. While working at a railroad site, an iron tamping rod (43 inches long, 1.25 diameter) went through his left cheek, through his brain, and out the skull. He surprisingly ended up surviving this traumatic injury. After a month in the hospital, he was back out on the street. 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International Marketing Environment Free Essays

International Marketing Environment Alfredo Carmona Prof. Simone Farrar Marketing 320 February 3, 20 In today’s fierce market it is important for corporations to go global. This isn’t an easy task as it takes a lot of careful planning and research in order to be successful at an international level. We will write a custom essay sample on International Marketing Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The competition can come from local companies to others looking to also expand into worldwide markets. This is why it is so important for a company to analyze this new market and familiarize themselves with them. This can lead to product changes, marketing changes even product name changes once all is taken into consideration. The research process can be lengthy and costly but will ultimately lead to the success of a corporation planning to do business abroad. The marketing process is very important for a company’s success. It must be implemented and planned accordingly for each market. The marketing process consists of four stages. The first stage is the analysis. In this stage data is collected and analyzed on the target market. The characteristics and behaviors of this group are very important. These characteristics are summarized using the eight O’s. The first of the eight O’s is occupants which is the market the company intends to target. Occupants will categorize the target market based on demographics, geography, psychographics and product related variables. These categorizations help the marketers break down large markets into much smaller workable groups. The next of the eight O’s is objects. This describes the service or product that will be used to satisfy the target markets needs Occasions is the third of the eight O’s. This characterizes the moment and time that these customers consume or purchase the product or service. The fourth of the O’s is objectives. Objectives are the motives that create the need for your product or service. The fifth of the O’s is outlets. Outlets are the places or ways a service and product are made available to the target market. This would include stores, websites etc. Organization is the way a buying or acceptance of the idea or service takes place. This will help the marketer understand how the need is created and the purchase is executed (Muhlbacher, Leihs Dahringer, 2006). The seventh of the eight O’s is operations. Operations represent a firms buying of products and services. This includes analyzing how difficult a company’s product or service will be to break through the market. The last of the eight O’s is opposition. This is where the competition will be analyzed. Any other company that offers a satisfaction for the same need is considered competition. Once the eight O’s have been analyzed a firm will have a better understanding of the needs of their market, how to satisfy these needs and the best way to stay ahead of its competition. A firm that is going global must also plan accordingly to foreign policies regarding imports and exports. The government has played a large role in international business. Some nations have strict restrictions and other forms of limitations regarding foreign products and services. The government uses forms of import controls in order to stabilize their countries economic state. Tariffs place a tax on imports and raise the price of these imported products. Quota systems are also used by the government. Quota systems are used to reduce the volume of imports accepted by a country (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2010). These regulations can have a big impact companies looking to break into the foreign markets. The government can also be even stricter and impact the global market more by boycotting business from certain nations. This is a strict plan where a country refuses to do business with another nation. This can lead to inflation of prices and other major changes to the international trade market. Nations governments have a played a big role in international business. Sometimes their role is in the best interest of their governing nations. Other times the restrictions are purely political hurting both their countries consumers and foreign based companies doing business in those countries. A company must analyze and incorporate the economic state of the nation they plan on doing business with. The economic state of a nation tells much about it. The physical quality of life is a composite measure of the level of welfare in a country (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2010). This analysis is important as these relate directly to countries wellbeing and how your product or service will be effective in that respected country. Those nations with poor economic growth and high levels of poverty would not be candidates for an expansion of luxury line of cars. However this nation might be the perfect setting for a cell phone company as the need for communications is at all-time high for developing nations. A firm that decides to invest in a foreign market is taking a risk. Any company planning on going global must understand that entering a foreign market comes with many risks and challenges. If any of the planning has flaws, a financial loss could be the end result. A company needs to analyze the risk and understand if they can afford the financial loss should their venture be unsuccessful. Success may also take time to occur. A company must comprehend that positive results can take time to come about. The large investment that is needed at first to fund the planning can take time to recoup but ultimately lead to the company’s success. Czinkota, M. R. , Ronkainen, I. A. (2010). International marketing. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Muhlbacher, H. , Leihs, H. , Dahringer, L. (2006). International marketing a global perspective. (3rd ed. ). London, England: Thomson Publishing Company. Shaming, Z. , Huifen, H. (2011). International marketing: Emerging markets. (Vol. 21). Wagon Lane, England: Emerald Group Publishing. How to cite International Marketing Environment, Papers

WWI-Comparison Of German+French Soldiers Experiences Essays

WWI-Comparison of German+French Soldiers experiences History WWI-Comparison of German+French Soldiers experiences The first World War was a horrible experience for all sides involved. No one was immune to the effects of this global conflict and each country was affected in various ways. However, one area of relative comparison can be noted in the experiences of the French and German soldiers. In gaining a better understanding of the French experience, Wilfred Owen's Dulce et Decorum Est was particularly useful. Regarding the German soldier's experience, various selections from Erice Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front proved to be a valuable source of insight. A analysis of the above mentioned sources, one can note various similarities between the German and French armies during World War I in the areas of trench warfare, ill-fated troops, and military technology. Trench warfare was totally unbiased. The trench did not discriminate between cultures. This "new warfare" was unlike anything the world had seen before, millions of people died during a war that was supposed to be over in time for the holidays. Each side entrenched themselves in makeshift bunkers that attempted to provide protection from the incoming shells and brave soldiers. After receiving an order to overtake the enemies bunker, soldiers trounced their way through the land between the opposing armies that was referred to as "no man's land." The direness of the war was exemplified in a quotation taken from Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front, "Attacks alternate with counter-attacks and slowly the dead pile up in the field of craters between the trenches. We are able to bring in most of the wounded that do not lie too far off. But many have long to wait and we listen to them dying." (382) After years of this trench warfare, corpses of both German and French soldiers began to pile up and soldiers and civilians began to realize the futility of trench warfare. However, it was many years before any major thrusts were made along the Western front. As soldiers past away, recruits were ushered to the front to replenish the dead and crippled. These recruits were typically not well prepared for the rigors of war and were very often mowed down due to their stupidity. Both the French and Germans were guilty of sending ill-prepared youths to the front under the guise that "It is sweet and fitting to die for one's country." (380) Owen's Dulce et Decorum Est is a prime example of this "false optimism" created by the military machine in France to recruit eager new troops to die a hero's death on the front lines. Remarque also alluded to the fact incompetent young recruits were sentence to death. In reference to the young recruits Remarque stated, "It brings a lump into the throat to see how they go over, and run and fall. A man would like to spank them, they are so stupid, and to take them by the arm and lead them away from here where they have no business to be." (383) Millions of French and German soldiers, both young and old lost their lives during this world-wide struggle for survival. It is not necessary for one to go through an intense amount of abstraction in order to note similarities in the weaponry each side employed during the first World War. "Bombardment, barrage, curtain-fire, mines, gas, tanks, machine-guns, hand grenades" were all weapons that served the same purpose. (383) It did not matter if these weapons were in the hands of German or French soldiers, they all indiscriminately dealt death to the opposition. Gas was a particularly horrid creation. It would seeming spring out of the ground without much notice and if one did not seek the security of a gas mask, dreams would be smothered "under a green sea" and as one solider stated (in reference to those who were caught up in the pungent clouds of death) "He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning." (380) Typical sights for soldiers on any given day were "men without mouths, without jaws, without faces; we find one man who has held the artery of his arm in his teeth for two hours in order not to bleed to death. (384) The destructive weapons of war contributed to the massive amount of death neither the French nor German army could escape. Both the accounts looked at in this inquiry unveil a mass of similarities between German and French soldiers during the First World War. Based on Remarque's firsthand encounters with trench warfare in World War I and Owen's vivid descriptions

Controlled Variable Definition

Controlled Variable Definition A controlled variable is one which the researcher holds constant (controls) during an experiment. It is also known as a constant variable or simply as a control. The control variable is not part of an experiment (not the independent or dependent variable), but it is important because it can have an effect on the results. It is not the same thing as a control group. Any given experiment has numerous control variables. Its important for a scientist to try to hold all variables constant except for the independent variable. If a control variable changes during an experiment, it may invalidate the correlation between the dependent and independent variable. When possible, control variables should be identified, measured, and recorded. Examples of Controlled Variables Temperature is a common  type of  controlled variable. If a temperature is held constant during an experiment it is controlled. Other examples of controlled variables could be the  amount of light, always using the same type of glassware, constant humidity, or duration of an experiment. Common Mis-Spelling: controlled variable Importance of the Control Variables Although control variables may not be measured (although they are often recorded), they can have a significant effect on the outcome of an experiment. Lack of awareness of control variables can lead to faulty results or what are called confounding variables. Noting control variables makes it easier to reproduce an experiment and to establish the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. For example, say you are trying to determine whether a particular fertilizer has an effect on plant growth. The independent variable is the presence or absence of the fertilizer, while the dependent variable is the height of the plant or rate of growth. If you dont control the amount of light (e.g., you perform part of the experiment in the summer and part during the winter), you may skew your results.

Explanation and Chart of Ser Versus Estar

Explanation and Chart of Ser Versus Estar There are few things more confusing for beginning Spanish students than learning the differences between ser and estar. After all, they both mean to be in English. Differences Between Ser and Estar One way to think of the differences between ser and estar  is to think of ser as the passive verb and estar as the active one. (The terms arent being used in a grammatical sense here.) Ser tells you what something is, the nature of its being, while estar refers more to what something does. You might use soy (the first-person present of ser, meaning I am) to explain who or what you are, but youd use estoy (the first-person present of estar) to tell what you are being or doing. For example, you might say, Estoy enfermo for I am sick. That would indicate that you are sick at the moment. But it doesnt tell anyone what you are. Now if you were to say, Soy enfermo, that would have a different meaning entirely. That would refer to who you are, to the nature of your being. We might translate that as I am a sick person or I am sickly. Note similar differences in these examples: Estoy cansado. (I am tired.) Soy cansado. (I am a tired person. My nature is to be tired)Estoy feliz. (Im happy now.) Soy feliz. (I am happy by nature. I am a happy person.)Est callada. (Shes being quiet.) Es callada. (Shes introverted. Shes naturally a quiet person.)No estoy lista. (Im not ready.) No soy lista. (Im not a quick thinker.) Another Approach to Ser vs. Estar Another way of thinking about the two verbs is to think of ser as being roughly equivalent to equals. Another approach is that estar often refers to a temporary condition, while ser frequently refers to a permanent condition. But there are exceptions. Among the major exceptions to the above way of thinking is that ser is used in expressions of time, such as Son las dos de la tarde for Its 2 p.m. Also, we use estar to indicate someone has died- quite a permanent condition: Est muerto, he is dead. Along that line, estar is used to indicate location. Estoy en casa. (I am at home.) But, soy de Mà ©xico. (I am from Mexico.) Ser, however, is used for the location of events: La boda es en Nuevo Hampshire. (The wedding is in New Hampshire.) There are also a few idiomatic expressions that simply need to be learned: La manzana es verde. (The apple is green.) La manzana est verde. (The apple is unripe.) Est muy bien la comida. (The meal tastes very good). Note that sometimes estar is often modified by an adverb such as bien rather than an adjective: Estoy bien. (Im fine.) Although rare, there are a few situations where you can use either ser or estar. A married man  describing his marital status could say either Soy casado or Estoy casado. He might be more likely to use soy because he considers being married as part of his identity, although he might use estoy to indicate that he had been married recently. Present Conjugation of Ser and Estar Both ser and estar are irregularly conjugated. Heres a chart of the indicative present tense: Pronombre Ser Estar Yo soy estoy Tà º eres ests Él, ella, usted es est Nosotros somos estamos Vosotros sois estis Ellos, ellas, ustedes son estn Sample Sentences Susana es atenta y con buena comunicacià ³n. (Susana is thoughtful with good communication skills. Ser is used with a personal quality.)Susana est atenta a la situacià ³n de su amiga. (Susana is attentive to her friends situation. Estar is being used to characterize behavior.)Roberto es nervioso como mi hermano. (Roberto is as nervous of a person as my brother is. Ser is used here for describing what kind of person someone is.)Roberto est tan nervioso como mi hermano. (Robert is as nervous as my brother is now. Estar is used for an emotional state that is independent of personal qualities.) Quick Takeaways Ser and estar are the two verbs most frequently used as the equivalent of the English to be.Ser typically is used in describing the nature of someone or something.Estar typically is used in referring to a state of being that isnt necessarily innate.

The Ides of March by George Clooney Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Ides of March by George Clooney - Essay Example   Some of the gossip about certain indignities including bribery or corruption, sex scandals, blackmail and altering their visions and course of history by compelling the voters to compromise their values and principles, by doing so, the candidates end up making sacrifices so that they can survive in the race and hopefully win in the end.The idea for the theme and plot of this movie traces back to the historical 2004 elections. It is a condemnation of the small minded politicians in the country, and an eye-opener to the public that there is something greater inside all of us, therefore, we should not be swayed by what we see and compromise our values, but stick to our beliefs and vote for the right people. It is also a reflection of the cost one has to pay for conducting business, in a world filled with people who are ready to bring down and kill each other in whichever manner, just for the opportunity to be in control of what and who remain. When Barrack Obama was vying for the pr esidency under the Democratic flag, there were high anticipations of him clinching the chair, and that would be the most exhilarating event to occur to the party, after the death of John F. Kennedy. However, the hash of the reality of the past few years messed up the optimism everyone had, but Obama managed to become victorious. In relation to the movie, it is a depiction of a long, hard journey from mere hope to struggling to survive, just as Obama did. In conclusion, the theme of the movie is about a politician who seems different from others.

Is mass migration more of a threat or a benefit to European host Essay

Is mass migration more of a threat or a benefit to European host countries - Essay Example The flows for the non-European region led to a large scale migration to Europe. The increased restrictions on immigration policies have resulted in the increased flow of non-conventional and illegal migrants in to the European nations. The involvement of European Union in the migration policies of the individual member nations has increasingly become necessary and further enlargement in the European Union territory has accentuated this necessity. The flows of migration in both directions have resulted in some major impact on the economies of the host countries in the EU. This paper analyzes the possible effects of the migration as to whether the mass migration results in some benefit or it should be construed as a threat to the nations. People migrate from one country or region to another for their own benefits which may include getting a better pay, joining the spouse of parent, to obtain more welfare benefits or for security reasons. Most of the host nations receiving these migrants stand to benefit. For instance, the demand for labour may be met easily when imported from other countries. On some other occasions the same country may export labour to other countries depending on the economic cycle the country is undergoing and due to the differences in the economies of different countries and labour markets. However whether the mass migration to another country really benefits the people in the host country is a matter of circumstance prevailing in the host nation. It may be noted that all the international migrants in the recent past to the United States and European Union represent spouses, dependants, relatives, students, asylum claimants for whom there is absolutely no demand in these countries. In any case th ey do not represent labour migrants. Apart from these there are other illegal and short term migrants who would like to stay and improve their position by any available avenues. Over the period the economic benefits of labour migration have become less significant and have even turned negative (Borjas 1996, Wardensjo, 1999). Argument for Economic Interests of Business The first argument that will be put forth in favour of mass migration is the economic criteria involving business interests. However this argument suffers from a lacuna that the business interests that favour mass migration inwards into a country is always of short term nature. Although easy and immediate access to labor will be preferred rather than the costs involve in training and capital investment for long term, the nature of economic cycle would make the labour which was essential yesterday totally unemployed today, as has been witnessed with most the factories and mills of Europe. Employers who demand more of immigrant labour could not be blamed for the changed scenario. If the businesses are made responsible for the dealing the with the life time cost of these labour immigrants they would obviously reduce their demand for immigrant labour and make long term capital investment. However it must be remembered that the countries can not be just treated as just a set of economic l evers but they consist of communities of people who have their own shared values, commitments, identities, origins and aspirations all of which will be affected by mass migration of people. Argument for General Economic Interest Mass

Chinese Revolution in Military Affairs and Lessons for India

Chinese Revolution in Military Affairs and Lessons for India CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In Statecraft, There Are No Permanent Friends Or Enemies, Only Permanent Interests.- Lord Palmerton, echoed most recently by Gen Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan! 1. American combat effectiveness in the Gulf War amazed the observers all around the world. The Gulf war indicated the future where the USA military could strike anywhere with force, precision, confusing its enemy electronically with little of warfares collateral destruction. It proved that information age technology combined with appropriate doctrine training might allow small but advanced 21st century military to protect national interest with unprecedented efficiency. 2. The revolution in military affairs today is the biggest challenge to China as the countries which are most capable of bringing the concept of RMA into reality are Chinas potential adversaries. The United States, in particular, has started using its RMA to consolidate its military superiority over Asia – Pacific region. Understanding the gravity of situation to Chinas long term national security, the Chinese regime has shown much enthusiasm in learning, absorbing, applying RMA as a part of its catch up with potential adversaries. 3. Chinas rapid rise as a regional political economical power with growing global influence has significant implications for Asia – Pacific the world. RMA has lead comprehensive transformation of People Liberation Army from a mass army designed to protracted war of attrition on its territory to one capable of fighting winning short duration war , an approach China refers to as preparing for local war under condition of informatization. The pace and scope of Chinas military transformation have increases in recent years, fuelled by RMA related activities such as acquisition of of advanced foreign weapons , high rate of investment in its domestic defense industries , organisational doctrinal reform of armed forces. Though, Chinas ability to sustain military power is limited , its armed forces continue to exploit RMA such as Information warfare, cyber warfare, nuclear , space, which are changing regional military balances have implications beyond Asia – Pacific region s. 4. Though, China publically asserts that Chinas military modernisation is purely defensive in nature, its strategic aim in exploiting RMA is still unclear.Over the past several years , China has begun several military missions for People Liberation Army which goes beyond Chinas immediate territorial interests it has left the world community about purpose objective of RMA. Morever China continues to promulgate incomplete defense expenditure engage in actions that appear inconsistent with its declared policies. The limited transparency in Chinas military security affairs possess risk to stability by creating uncertainity increasing misunderstanding in its immediate neighbourhood well as to the world. 5. All this is of special significance to India, as hidden within the folds of the Chinese example are clues as to how we should approach the issue of a Revolution in Military Affairs. There are lessons we must urgently learn if we are not to lose this historic opportunity of leveraging ourselves to the big league. If we miss the bus this time, and find ourselves relegated to the shadows of the Dragon in the not-too-distant future, we will have only ourselves to blame. CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY Statement of the Problem 9. The paper would seek to analyse the approach adapted by China to embrace the ongoing RMA its implications on the world and india in particular. Justification of the Study 10. The world is at the threshold of a massive leap forward in the ways we live and the ways we will fight. A Revolution in Military Affairs is prophesied as the way ahead for the future battlefield. Most of the literature on the subject emanates from the West, which treats the subject from a Western viewpoint. Referring and adhering to the Western prism will leave a country in a perpetual status of being a follower. 11. With a rich tradition of original strategic thought, China today provides a refreshing example of how the current day concepts of RMA are being remoulded to suit her handicaps of being a developing country with relatively backward armed forces.The Chinese initiative in redefining the Revolution in Military Affairs to suit her own circumstances is specially pertinent to India, which stands at a crucial crossroad in her history, and must intelligently apply precepts of the RMA as applicable to her unique situation if she has to find her rightful place in the world. 13. This study is spurred by an abiding interest to determine the unique approach of the Chinese towards the Revolution in Military Affairs, and its implications on the world india in particular. Scope 14. This study concentrates on the way the Chinese are moulding the Revolution in Military Affairs to suit their own circumstances, and emerging implications of Chinese revolution in military affairs to multipolar world and India in particular. Methods of Data Collection 15. Data for the study has been culled mainly from the Internet. In addition, books and periodicals have been referred to for background information. Sources referred to are acknowledged at footnotes throughout the text, and a compendium of the same is appended in the form of a bibliography. Organisation of the Dissertation 16. It is proposed to study the subject in the following manner: (a) China and Revolution in Military Affairs . No study of present day advancement in the field of revolution in military affairs in China can have correct perspective without examining evolving grand strategy in China which compelled it to embrace Revolution in military affairs. A correct understanding of Chinese strategic thought with particular reference towards revolution in military affairs will point to the present day development and will also give likely implications of Chinese RMA to multipolar environment. (b) Current Strategic Thought in China Towards Harnessing RMA. A number of senior Chinese defence forces officials have aired their views on various aspects of the RMA. Though at many instances merely drawing lessons from the USA, there are efforts to modify the tenets of RMA to suit the Chinese condition. The following aspects merit attention: (i) Doctrine. (ii) Land Operations. (iii) Naval Warfare. (iv) Air Warfare. (v) Space Warfare. (vi) Theatre missiles. (vii) Stealth. (viii) Information Warfare. (c) Chinese RMA : The Future Ahead . Chinese leaders have stated their intentions and allocated their resources to pursue broad based military transformation which encompasses force- wide professionalization, improved training , more robust , realistic joint exercises and accelerated acquisition and development of modern conventional weapon. (d) Chinese RMA and its impact on the World Order . China has always been one of the most important states in the international system primarily because of its large territory , vast resources and large population. Although, relatively weak power , rapid military modernisation through RMA has generated strong apprehension in the mind of other global powers. The chapter identifies and analyses the motivation behind Chinese Revolution in Military Affairs and how it might posess fundamental challenge regionally and globally. (e) Implications on India. In the ultimate analysis , a pragmatic threat assessment must take into account adversarys capabilities and not intention because the latter would change according to nations interest. To meet this Chinese challenge adequately , India should take a cue from Chinese RMA and adapt a clear vision about our role in world affairs in future. CHAPTER III THE BEDROCK OF CHINESE THOUGHT Mao Zedong enabled the Chinese to stand tall; Deng Xiaoping let the people get rich; the third generation leadership, with Jiang Zemin at its core, will enable China to become a strong country. Zhang Wannian (1997).[1] 17. Defining and describing RMA is an arduous task which has consumed the time and intellectual energy of numerous analysts . Every analysts have their own perception on ongoing RMA. Broadly sketching the apparent consensus worldwide on RMA, the following can be inferred about RMA :- (a) RMAs are not simply technological in nature but concern significant process and changes in military related areas. (b) RMA emerges from revolutionary changes of historic magnitude with in the broader social, economic, and political environment of national and global societies. (c) RMA is the synergistic combination of several developments in military affairs and has the capability to alter the nature of warfare. 18. The study of the advancement made by China in the field of RMA will not have correct perspective without holistically examining the issue through the prism of her evolving strategic. A correct understanding of Chinese strategic thought, with particular reference towards a Revolution in Military Affairs, will point to the reasons of present day developments, as also give pointers for the future. 18. In the earliest days of recorded history , development in military strategy and technology were evolutionary and was measured in centuries. However, since mid century due to rapid technological driven environment , RMA is measured in decades or less and this rapid change in military affairs is likely to accelerate in the era of information age. As a result , since nineteenth century and throughout its process national building China has been playing catch up with increasing recurring revolution in military affairs. 19. Historically, China has had always kept itself isolated from the world affairs.. Chinas humiliating experience of colonialism in the nineteenth century resulted in reinforcing her views of herself as a middle kingdom, surrounded by nations keen to conquer her. China grew to regard her huge land mass and vast population as her best defence and relied heavily upon them for her protection.[3] 23. However , American combat effectiveness in Gulf war amazed the Chinese and forced them to revaluate their old military concepts. Therefore, after Gulf war, the revolution in military affairs has preoccupied the Chinese in same way as it preoccupied the major military powers. The preoccupation has led Chinese military to sponser many RMA related conferences and publication of many RMA releted books in China. The following were the strategy adapted by China in embracing RMA :- (a) Operation Iraqui Freedom was studied to incorporate new ideas including rethinking assumptions about value of long range precision strikes independent of ground forces and integration of psychological operations with air and ground forces thereby improving the joint operations. (b) China realised that its isolation approach in world order is denying its reach to latest developments in the world. Therefore, it has increased its cooperation and interaction with foreign political as well as military leaders. (c) Chinas state owned defense and defense related companies have undergone broad based transformation. China is also emphasising on integration of defense and non defense sector to leverage the latest dual use technologies and output from Chinas expanding science and technology base. Augmented by direct acquisition of foreign weapons and technology these reforms have enabled China to develop and produce advance weapon system such as missiles, fighter aircrafts and warship. (d) China has also given its research and development programme a top priority. According to the organisation of Economical cooperational development , Chinas research and development spending has increased at an annual rate of nineteen percent since 1995 to reach 30 billion dollar in 2005, the sixth highest in the world..[4] CHINESE CONCEPT OF RMA ITS FUTURE MILITARY STRATEGY 24. According to China , RMA is a technology in the military field and human society. It is mainly driven by the development of a technology. These technological developments then combine with broader human innovations to bring changes to military doctrine , organisations and structures culminating inti revolution in military affairs. To the Chinese military , Revolution in military affairs also reflects a larger and deeper revolution in Chinas social and economic developments. Chinese military strategists fully realise that Chinas greatest test will be its ability to continue to reform its political , social and economic development to a level at which Chinese society can sustain RMA. In PLAS view innovative application of new technology to military operations and militar6y organisation will affect the conduct of war and countries with superior information technology will easily overwhelm those witout. . Therefore, Chinese military realises the importance of technological , economic and social factor as an important tool in achieving RMA. The limitations imposed by technological , economic, and social factor has forced China to pursue RMA with a Chinese charecteristics.which emphasises asymmetry by which an inferior Chinese force can prevail over a superior US adversary. The Chinese model involves simultaneous mechanization and informatization. 25. Deng Xiaopings Strategic Thought.[5] Deng Xiaoping imparted a discernable shift to Chinas strategic thought in 1985, with his vision of the future of China and the world. Dengs thoughts laid the foundation for modernization and latter day efforts towards RMA, a brief insight into his ideas is relevant: (a) In light of the ending of the Cold War, Deng determined that there would be no world wars, and that peace and development were the two big strategic priorities in the new era. (b) Deng held national interest to be supreme, and that China should unswervingly pursue an independent foreign policy, opposing hegemonism and power politics. (c) Deng articulated the idea of comprehensive national strength, which implied that defence development be subordinated to the needs of national economic development (d) Armed Forces. Deng stressed on the need to have the combination of a small but highly trained standing army with strong, large reserves. He envisioned a reduction in the numerical strength of the armed forces, along with a concurrent improvement in the quality, including overall qualifications of officers and soldiers. He further envisaged a raise in the level of defence equipment, and an appropriate force structure to improve the fighting capability of the armed forces, so that they could meet the requirements of modern warfare. The Concept of Modern Local Wars 26. In consonance with the developmental strategy chalked out for China in the Deng era, China began to approach the issues of security through the prism of modern local war. The basic tenets of active defence as espoused by Mao remained. However, the area where wars were considered likely was not at world level, but around Chinas borders, due to the following contingencies [6]: Military conflict with neighbouring countries in a limited region. Military conflict in territorial waters. Undeclared air attacks by enemy countries. Territorial defence in a limited military operation. Punitive offensive with a minor incursion into a neighbouring country. Four Futures 28. Considerable interest has been generated in China in high technology being used in wars, after the Falklands War and more recently, the Gulf War. Under the present day dispensation of Jiang Zemin, there is considerable debate as to how to approach the issue of RMA, particularly in light of limited resources. Different threat scenarios favour different thinking inside the PLA. There are four schools of thought [7] on how a future war is to be fought: (a) Peoples War. The Peoples War traditionalists would prefer to cast future threats in terms of confrontations with major powers, such as India, Japan or the United States, which would aggressively impact Chinas territory. To them, a large standing force and the ability to sustain protracted conflict is a necessary condition to support their views. The operational concept envisions crushing of any high tech limited war by conducting comprehensive resistance, prolonging operational space and time to wear the enemy down, through human resource oriented deep operations'[8]. Though the strength in human resource is played up, the concept in no way detracts from the importance, rather abject necessity, to develop technology. (b) Power Projection. The power projection advocates take a more pragmatic view. Minor conflicts are likely to occur along the peripheral areas of China, which are Chinas economic centres, and also with Taiwan, they say. A power projection strategy with provision of credible intimidation in support of foreign policy, coupled with prudent defence acquisition, greater professionalism and modernization is the best course of action to support Chinas national security strategy. (c) RMA Enthusiasts. Military revolutionists see dramatic changes coming in the future, around 2030 or so, and argue that China needs to prepare now to take full advantage of the technological advances of the on-going revolution in military affairs (RMA). (d) Unrestricted Warfare. Unrestricted warfare advocates constitute a recently emerged fourth group. They argue that the scope of war should be expanded by any means available, including hacker attacks against financial institutions, and using information operations to corrupt or disable the cognitive ability of an opponent. In unrestricted war there are no rules, with nothing forbidden. 29. In summary, China has continuously evolved its military strategy to keep pace with changing world scenario. Simultaneously , it has felt need of producing RMA related weapons and equipment indigenously to strengthen its evolving military strategy. China at present is at cross road of developing RMA. While positive elements of facilitating RMA with Chinese charecteristics are abundant, there are certain factors mostly socio political system which may impede Chinas RMA effort. It will be indeed a daunting task for China to completely transform Chinas defence industry with an indigenous capability which will make China a true RMA driven country. CHAPTER IV CURRENT STRATEGIC THOUGHT IN CHINA TOWARDS HARNESSING RMA 30. Military specialists in China have understood the impact of emerging RMA in future battlefield . In particular, PLA observers witnessed how quickly the force equipped with high technology weapon defeated the Iraqui force that resembled PLA in many ways. The force and capability displayed by coalition during the conflict prompted PLA theorists to alter their perception of future wars highlighting the importanc3e of air and air defence operations, elect6ronic and information warfare and long range precision strikes . China military thinker5sw are working to incorporate the concept of modern warfare attributed to the revolutionary in military affairs and have placed a priority on developing the technologies and tactics necessary to conduct rapid tempo and high technology warfare in Asia. PLA military strategists are of the opinion that current RMA hold the potential for producing new form of warfare , enhanced info warfare and digitized combat forces. At the same time based on observations and lessons learnt from Gulf War and Op Allied Force , PLA military strategists perceives certain weaknesses in the US overreliance on advances offered by RMA. Consequently, PLA military strategists besides pursuing RMA advances are also exploiting its weaknesses. and history, developments in modern technology, and the study of foreign army experiences.[9] Military Doctrine 45. Traditionally China followed the concept of peoples war which aimed at compensating its technological inferiority by abundance of its manpower , spact and time. The decline and final end of cold war has denied China to fight manpower based protracted war. Therefore, since 1985, there has been strategic transition in PLA from concept of total war to localand limited technology driven war. 46. War Zone Campaign To enable PLAs [11]. The doctrine is a comprehensive document seeking to bring to fruition the following trends in the PLA: (a) Reduction in the active duty strength of the PLA, with an emphasis on technological quality and training. (b) Increase in the size of Reserves and Peoples Armed Police, to fulfill the role of militias. (c) The PLA will retain many existing weapons and attempt to develop new tactics and techniques to defeat a high-tech enemy. (d) The PLA can only afford to supply limited elite formations with latest equipments and weapons procured from abroad. The indigenous Chinese defence industry will continue to be the source of the majority of modern weapons. (e) Capabilities will emphasize rapid response and joint operations, focusing on precision attack, joint air, naval, special and, information warfare. (f) Command and control organizations will be reorganized to streamline the C3I process. (g) The PLA is going to cut 100,000 personnel per year through much of this decade. By 2010, the total members of the PLA in all services will be less than two million. Volunteers will make up the bulk if not all of the forces. 46. The War Zone Campaign (WZC) envisages three phases: (a) Elite Forces and Sharp Arms ( Jingbing Liqi). Use of a Special operation force to find information of the enemy, dominate him, and make a political statement, forcing him to withdraw. (b) Gaining Initiative by Striking First ( Xianji Zhidi ). This involves pre-emptive strikes against the enemys critical targets, convincing him to desist without having to defeat his armed forces. (c) Fighting a Quick Battle to Force a Quick Resolution (Suzhan Sujue). Involves use of mobile formations such as armour and mechanized infantry for a quick kill, to force a political resolution. 47. Active Defence. The active defense component of nthe doctrine indicates defensive military strategy in Which China does not initiate wars but engages in war only to defend national soverneigty and territorial integrity . The essence of active defence is to take initiative and annhiliate the enemy through RMA related weapons. 48. Local War Under Informatization. The concept of informatization emphasizes the effect of information technologyon military decision and weapon employment .The PlA formerly institutionalized this concept in 2004. Since then , information warfare has been accorded highest priority in Chinas RMA. 49. Information Plus Fire Power Model. Drawing lessons from RMA led US operations in Iraq and Afghanistan , the PLA has developed a new ground force combat model. A new model using information plusfirepower considers ground forces as integrated with in a joint force focused onrapid occupation of key strategic targets and stablisation of battle field. Land Operations 49. The transformation of the PLA away from its historical concept of mass formations geared to fight peoples war to smaller forces with more mobile , long range capability has been accorded highest priority. Since early 1980, manpower reduction has been greatest in land forces. According to Chinese strategists Characteristics of future land operations [12] are considered to encompass the following concepts: (a) Future Land Battle will be Multi Dimensional and Multi Directional. Battles will be fought in the far as well as near distances. The battlespace will not be fixed, and operations will be fought on land, on water, in the air, under water and in space. (b) Time and Space will have New Meaning. Time on the battlefield has been shortened, and modern weapons and high-speed mobile transport will make operational activities faster.. (c) Power and Accuracy to Strike. The primary objective of the battle will mainly be the destruction of enemy command, control, and weapons systems. Smart weapons will make small-scale operational activities highly efficient. The concept of achieving high efficiency at a relatively low cost has become the basic goal of modern warfare and will be even more so in 21st-century land operations. (d) Inform ation Superiority will Be Key to success . The wide application of electronic information technology in the military sphere will integrate information with firepower. It wqill be a tool to defeat superior enemy.. (a) Joint operations will be the norm, for integration and synergy. 50. Current Progress by China towards RMA in Land Operations. In consonancewith the new doctrine China has put tremendous effort toward implementing RMA into its ground forces.. Open source literature [13] indicates the following to be the current status: (a) Reduction in PLAs Strength. The main purpose of RMA in Chinese ground forces is to create smaller more technological advanced forcecapable of participating in PLAS deterrence warfighting and non traditional security missions.Since 1997, ground forces structure has been modified by deactivating, transforming and restructuring of numerous army units. China is continuously reducing strength of its ground forces to make it a leaner and highly mobile force. In addition the nu of ground forces has been reduced from 100 manoevre divisions and 20 manoevre brigades to about 35 manoevre divisions and 41 brigades (b) Rapid Reaction Forces (RRF). To impart strategic mobility with the aim of fighting a successful `peoples war under modern conditions, China has increased the scale of its Rapid Reaction Forces in all its Group Armies. Each Group Army now consists of a tank Division, with a tank transport regiment for added mobility. The RRFs will achieve the objective of regional `mobile defence through mutual rapid support to any affected Military Region (MR). (c) Mechanization and Informatization. Mechanization includes transformation ofs motorized infantry to mechanized units equipped with wheel or tracked armoured unit and self propelled artillery. Informatization includes upgrading existing equipment and introduction of new advanced system, training of peronnels and maintain these system and operational aspects of information and electronic warfare. (e) C4I Modernisation. The PLA has embarked on a well-financed effort to modernise its C4I infrastructure. The modernised C4I system is composed of at least four major networks: a military telephone network, a confidential telephone network, a data communications network and a comprehensive communication system for field operations. One important development has been the laying of fibre optic lines, which now form the core of Chinas long-distance networks and trunk lines. This fibre optic backbone will pose problems to any future adversarys efforts to gain intelligence through SIGINT.[14] (f) Equipment. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, China has selectively equipped only a portion of the ground forces with new weapons, while leaving the remainder to make do with existing equipment.[15] Among new capabilities acquired by PLA ground forces are approximately 200 Type 98 and Type 99 third generation main battle tank. Ground forces have also acquired a new generation assault amphibious vehicle , a 130 km range 12 tubes 200 mm multiple launch rocket system and 6 tube 400mm multiple launch rocket system with the range of 2oo km. Since 1999, PLA ground forces have received a variety of new Chinese-made weapons and equipment, includ ­ing main battle tanks, amphibious tanks, armored personnel carriers, self-propelled artillery, tactical SAM and AAA systems, and small arms. A number of new support vehicles and items have also been deployed (forklifts, maintenance vans, fuel tankers, field kitchens, and ambulances). Of significance is that Chinese electronics and aviation indust ries have provided computers, satellite and microwave communications, optical fiber links, night-vision goggles, frequency-hopping radios, battlefield surveillance equipment, and unmanned aerial ve ­hicles. (h) In summary, the PLA ground forces are on their way to becoming leaner, more rapidly deployable, and are being gradually equipped with weapons that increase the range from which they can strike the enemy. If pursued with deliberate commitment, the transformation of the ground forces in their ability to undertake missions in the 21st century will increase manifold. Naval Warfare 51. It was around nineties that China realised the importance of exploitation of sea for exploitation of energy , the strategic importance of island in South China Sea and consequently the need to ensure security of sea routes played an important role in shaping Chinas maritime strategy. The chief architect of the PLAN modernization drive , Admiral Liu Hua Quing , put forward active green water defence strategy as : (a) Long range manoeuverability of naval fleet. (b) Achieving ultimate deterrence against big powers. (c) Extending PLAN power projection caqpability. (d) The active green water defence strategy was a stepping stone which significantly changed prioritizationbetween three services. The PLAN previously the least important was now given the highest priority. 53. Technology Likely to Revolutionise Naval Warfare. Chinese RMA enthusiasts[16] feel that certain cutting edge technologies are first likely to be employed in naval warfare. These are likely to be: Nuclear technology for propulsion systems. Microelectronic technology to make ships and weapon systems smarter. Stealth technology for ships and missiles to be stealth capable. Infra Red technology for target acquisition and intelligence. Precision guidance technology for weapon accuracy. Satellite technology for navigation, monitoring and warning systems. Super conduction technology will allow ships to travel faster without noise. New materials technology for developing under sea weapon systems. 54. Along with new technology, it is foreseen that the following concepts will dominate naval warfare in the future: (a) Information. The new military revolution will accelerate the digitisation of the naval battlefield. The side controlling information will be able to manipulate the war, attack the enemy with advanced information weapons to paralyse him and destroy important targets with precise firepower. (b) Concentration of firepower will replace concentration of force, due to the combination of an information intensive battlefield and precision weapons. This will result in remote attack becoming a major combat concept. (c) The Rise of the Submarine. Submarines will be relatively impervious to the battlefield transparency on the sea resulting from the extensive application of information technology. As a result, their value in attacking land, sea as well as air targets will be greatly enhanced. (d) Emphasis on Joint Actions. With interchangeable weapon systems and seamless information systems, joint actions will be possible. Any single service will not be able to mount a campaign level operation. 56. The PLA Navys Current Standing. The reform era brought a breath of fresh air to the Chinese navy. Another personality who brought significant modernisation in terms of doctrines, structure, training, up gradation in bases, organisation was General Liu Huaqing. PLANs modernisation proceeded along three paths – indigenous construction, foreign purc Chinese Revolution in Military Affairs and Lessons for India Chinese Revolution in Military Affairs and Lessons for India CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In Statecraft, There Are No Permanent Friends Or Enemies, Only Permanent Interests.- Lord Palmerton, echoed most recently by Gen Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan! 1. American combat effectiveness in the Gulf War amazed the observers all around the world. The Gulf war indicated the future where the USA military could strike anywhere with force, precision, confusing its enemy electronically with little of warfares collateral destruction. It proved that information age technology combined with appropriate doctrine training might allow small but advanced 21st century military to protect national interest with unprecedented efficiency. 2. The revolution in military affairs today is the biggest challenge to China as the countries which are most capable of bringing the concept of RMA into reality are Chinas potential adversaries. The United States, in particular, has started using its RMA to consolidate its military superiority over Asia – Pacific region. Understanding the gravity of situation to Chinas long term national security, the Chinese regime has shown much enthusiasm in learning, absorbing, applying RMA as a part of its catch up with potential adversaries. 3. Chinas rapid rise as a regional political economical power with growing global influence has significant implications for Asia – Pacific the world. RMA has lead comprehensive transformation of People Liberation Army from a mass army designed to protracted war of attrition on its territory to one capable of fighting winning short duration war , an approach China refers to as preparing for local war under condition of informatization. The pace and scope of Chinas military transformation have increases in recent years, fuelled by RMA related activities such as acquisition of of advanced foreign weapons , high rate of investment in its domestic defense industries , organisational doctrinal reform of armed forces. Though, Chinas ability to sustain military power is limited , its armed forces continue to exploit RMA such as Information warfare, cyber warfare, nuclear , space, which are changing regional military balances have implications beyond Asia – Pacific region s. 4. Though, China publically asserts that Chinas military modernisation is purely defensive in nature, its strategic aim in exploiting RMA is still unclear.Over the past several years , China has begun several military missions for People Liberation Army which goes beyond Chinas immediate territorial interests it has left the world community about purpose objective of RMA. Morever China continues to promulgate incomplete defense expenditure engage in actions that appear inconsistent with its declared policies. The limited transparency in Chinas military security affairs possess risk to stability by creating uncertainity increasing misunderstanding in its immediate neighbourhood well as to the world. 5. All this is of special significance to India, as hidden within the folds of the Chinese example are clues as to how we should approach the issue of a Revolution in Military Affairs. There are lessons we must urgently learn if we are not to lose this historic opportunity of leveraging ourselves to the big league. If we miss the bus this time, and find ourselves relegated to the shadows of the Dragon in the not-too-distant future, we will have only ourselves to blame. CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY Statement of the Problem 9. The paper would seek to analyse the approach adapted by China to embrace the ongoing RMA its implications on the world and india in particular. Justification of the Study 10. The world is at the threshold of a massive leap forward in the ways we live and the ways we will fight. A Revolution in Military Affairs is prophesied as the way ahead for the future battlefield. Most of the literature on the subject emanates from the West, which treats the subject from a Western viewpoint. Referring and adhering to the Western prism will leave a country in a perpetual status of being a follower. 11. With a rich tradition of original strategic thought, China today provides a refreshing example of how the current day concepts of RMA are being remoulded to suit her handicaps of being a developing country with relatively backward armed forces.The Chinese initiative in redefining the Revolution in Military Affairs to suit her own circumstances is specially pertinent to India, which stands at a crucial crossroad in her history, and must intelligently apply precepts of the RMA as applicable to her unique situation if she has to find her rightful place in the world. 13. This study is spurred by an abiding interest to determine the unique approach of the Chinese towards the Revolution in Military Affairs, and its implications on the world india in particular. Scope 14. This study concentrates on the way the Chinese are moulding the Revolution in Military Affairs to suit their own circumstances, and emerging implications of Chinese revolution in military affairs to multipolar world and India in particular. Methods of Data Collection 15. Data for the study has been culled mainly from the Internet. In addition, books and periodicals have been referred to for background information. Sources referred to are acknowledged at footnotes throughout the text, and a compendium of the same is appended in the form of a bibliography. Organisation of the Dissertation 16. It is proposed to study the subject in the following manner: (a) China and Revolution in Military Affairs . No study of present day advancement in the field of revolution in military affairs in China can have correct perspective without examining evolving grand strategy in China which compelled it to embrace Revolution in military affairs. A correct understanding of Chinese strategic thought with particular reference towards revolution in military affairs will point to the present day development and will also give likely implications of Chinese RMA to multipolar environment. (b) Current Strategic Thought in China Towards Harnessing RMA. A number of senior Chinese defence forces officials have aired their views on various aspects of the RMA. Though at many instances merely drawing lessons from the USA, there are efforts to modify the tenets of RMA to suit the Chinese condition. The following aspects merit attention: (i) Doctrine. (ii) Land Operations. (iii) Naval Warfare. (iv) Air Warfare. (v) Space Warfare. (vi) Theatre missiles. (vii) Stealth. (viii) Information Warfare. (c) Chinese RMA : The Future Ahead . Chinese leaders have stated their intentions and allocated their resources to pursue broad based military transformation which encompasses force- wide professionalization, improved training , more robust , realistic joint exercises and accelerated acquisition and development of modern conventional weapon. (d) Chinese RMA and its impact on the World Order . China has always been one of the most important states in the international system primarily because of its large territory , vast resources and large population. Although, relatively weak power , rapid military modernisation through RMA has generated strong apprehension in the mind of other global powers. The chapter identifies and analyses the motivation behind Chinese Revolution in Military Affairs and how it might posess fundamental challenge regionally and globally. (e) Implications on India. In the ultimate analysis , a pragmatic threat assessment must take into account adversarys capabilities and not intention because the latter would change according to nations interest. To meet this Chinese challenge adequately , India should take a cue from Chinese RMA and adapt a clear vision about our role in world affairs in future. CHAPTER III THE BEDROCK OF CHINESE THOUGHT Mao Zedong enabled the Chinese to stand tall; Deng Xiaoping let the people get rich; the third generation leadership, with Jiang Zemin at its core, will enable China to become a strong country. Zhang Wannian (1997).[1] 17. Defining and describing RMA is an arduous task which has consumed the time and intellectual energy of numerous analysts . Every analysts have their own perception on ongoing RMA. Broadly sketching the apparent consensus worldwide on RMA, the following can be inferred about RMA :- (a) RMAs are not simply technological in nature but concern significant process and changes in military related areas. (b) RMA emerges from revolutionary changes of historic magnitude with in the broader social, economic, and political environment of national and global societies. (c) RMA is the synergistic combination of several developments in military affairs and has the capability to alter the nature of warfare. 18. The study of the advancement made by China in the field of RMA will not have correct perspective without holistically examining the issue through the prism of her evolving strategic. A correct understanding of Chinese strategic thought, with particular reference towards a Revolution in Military Affairs, will point to the reasons of present day developments, as also give pointers for the future. 18. In the earliest days of recorded history , development in military strategy and technology were evolutionary and was measured in centuries. However, since mid century due to rapid technological driven environment , RMA is measured in decades or less and this rapid change in military affairs is likely to accelerate in the era of information age. As a result , since nineteenth century and throughout its process national building China has been playing catch up with increasing recurring revolution in military affairs. 19. Historically, China has had always kept itself isolated from the world affairs.. Chinas humiliating experience of colonialism in the nineteenth century resulted in reinforcing her views of herself as a middle kingdom, surrounded by nations keen to conquer her. China grew to regard her huge land mass and vast population as her best defence and relied heavily upon them for her protection.[3] 23. However , American combat effectiveness in Gulf war amazed the Chinese and forced them to revaluate their old military concepts. Therefore, after Gulf war, the revolution in military affairs has preoccupied the Chinese in same way as it preoccupied the major military powers. The preoccupation has led Chinese military to sponser many RMA related conferences and publication of many RMA releted books in China. The following were the strategy adapted by China in embracing RMA :- (a) Operation Iraqui Freedom was studied to incorporate new ideas including rethinking assumptions about value of long range precision strikes independent of ground forces and integration of psychological operations with air and ground forces thereby improving the joint operations. (b) China realised that its isolation approach in world order is denying its reach to latest developments in the world. Therefore, it has increased its cooperation and interaction with foreign political as well as military leaders. (c) Chinas state owned defense and defense related companies have undergone broad based transformation. China is also emphasising on integration of defense and non defense sector to leverage the latest dual use technologies and output from Chinas expanding science and technology base. Augmented by direct acquisition of foreign weapons and technology these reforms have enabled China to develop and produce advance weapon system such as missiles, fighter aircrafts and warship. (d) China has also given its research and development programme a top priority. According to the organisation of Economical cooperational development , Chinas research and development spending has increased at an annual rate of nineteen percent since 1995 to reach 30 billion dollar in 2005, the sixth highest in the world..[4] CHINESE CONCEPT OF RMA ITS FUTURE MILITARY STRATEGY 24. According to China , RMA is a technology in the military field and human society. It is mainly driven by the development of a technology. These technological developments then combine with broader human innovations to bring changes to military doctrine , organisations and structures culminating inti revolution in military affairs. To the Chinese military , Revolution in military affairs also reflects a larger and deeper revolution in Chinas social and economic developments. Chinese military strategists fully realise that Chinas greatest test will be its ability to continue to reform its political , social and economic development to a level at which Chinese society can sustain RMA. In PLAS view innovative application of new technology to military operations and militar6y organisation will affect the conduct of war and countries with superior information technology will easily overwhelm those witout. . Therefore, Chinese military realises the importance of technological , economic and social factor as an important tool in achieving RMA. The limitations imposed by technological , economic, and social factor has forced China to pursue RMA with a Chinese charecteristics.which emphasises asymmetry by which an inferior Chinese force can prevail over a superior US adversary. The Chinese model involves simultaneous mechanization and informatization. 25. Deng Xiaopings Strategic Thought.[5] Deng Xiaoping imparted a discernable shift to Chinas strategic thought in 1985, with his vision of the future of China and the world. Dengs thoughts laid the foundation for modernization and latter day efforts towards RMA, a brief insight into his ideas is relevant: (a) In light of the ending of the Cold War, Deng determined that there would be no world wars, and that peace and development were the two big strategic priorities in the new era. (b) Deng held national interest to be supreme, and that China should unswervingly pursue an independent foreign policy, opposing hegemonism and power politics. (c) Deng articulated the idea of comprehensive national strength, which implied that defence development be subordinated to the needs of national economic development (d) Armed Forces. Deng stressed on the need to have the combination of a small but highly trained standing army with strong, large reserves. He envisioned a reduction in the numerical strength of the armed forces, along with a concurrent improvement in the quality, including overall qualifications of officers and soldiers. He further envisaged a raise in the level of defence equipment, and an appropriate force structure to improve the fighting capability of the armed forces, so that they could meet the requirements of modern warfare. The Concept of Modern Local Wars 26. In consonance with the developmental strategy chalked out for China in the Deng era, China began to approach the issues of security through the prism of modern local war. The basic tenets of active defence as espoused by Mao remained. However, the area where wars were considered likely was not at world level, but around Chinas borders, due to the following contingencies [6]: Military conflict with neighbouring countries in a limited region. Military conflict in territorial waters. Undeclared air attacks by enemy countries. Territorial defence in a limited military operation. Punitive offensive with a minor incursion into a neighbouring country. Four Futures 28. Considerable interest has been generated in China in high technology being used in wars, after the Falklands War and more recently, the Gulf War. Under the present day dispensation of Jiang Zemin, there is considerable debate as to how to approach the issue of RMA, particularly in light of limited resources. Different threat scenarios favour different thinking inside the PLA. There are four schools of thought [7] on how a future war is to be fought: (a) Peoples War. The Peoples War traditionalists would prefer to cast future threats in terms of confrontations with major powers, such as India, Japan or the United States, which would aggressively impact Chinas territory. To them, a large standing force and the ability to sustain protracted conflict is a necessary condition to support their views. The operational concept envisions crushing of any high tech limited war by conducting comprehensive resistance, prolonging operational space and time to wear the enemy down, through human resource oriented deep operations'[8]. Though the strength in human resource is played up, the concept in no way detracts from the importance, rather abject necessity, to develop technology. (b) Power Projection. The power projection advocates take a more pragmatic view. Minor conflicts are likely to occur along the peripheral areas of China, which are Chinas economic centres, and also with Taiwan, they say. A power projection strategy with provision of credible intimidation in support of foreign policy, coupled with prudent defence acquisition, greater professionalism and modernization is the best course of action to support Chinas national security strategy. (c) RMA Enthusiasts. Military revolutionists see dramatic changes coming in the future, around 2030 or so, and argue that China needs to prepare now to take full advantage of the technological advances of the on-going revolution in military affairs (RMA). (d) Unrestricted Warfare. Unrestricted warfare advocates constitute a recently emerged fourth group. They argue that the scope of war should be expanded by any means available, including hacker attacks against financial institutions, and using information operations to corrupt or disable the cognitive ability of an opponent. In unrestricted war there are no rules, with nothing forbidden. 29. In summary, China has continuously evolved its military strategy to keep pace with changing world scenario. Simultaneously , it has felt need of producing RMA related weapons and equipment indigenously to strengthen its evolving military strategy. China at present is at cross road of developing RMA. While positive elements of facilitating RMA with Chinese charecteristics are abundant, there are certain factors mostly socio political system which may impede Chinas RMA effort. It will be indeed a daunting task for China to completely transform Chinas defence industry with an indigenous capability which will make China a true RMA driven country. CHAPTER IV CURRENT STRATEGIC THOUGHT IN CHINA TOWARDS HARNESSING RMA 30. Military specialists in China have understood the impact of emerging RMA in future battlefield . In particular, PLA observers witnessed how quickly the force equipped with high technology weapon defeated the Iraqui force that resembled PLA in many ways. The force and capability displayed by coalition during the conflict prompted PLA theorists to alter their perception of future wars highlighting the importanc3e of air and air defence operations, elect6ronic and information warfare and long range precision strikes . China military thinker5sw are working to incorporate the concept of modern warfare attributed to the revolutionary in military affairs and have placed a priority on developing the technologies and tactics necessary to conduct rapid tempo and high technology warfare in Asia. PLA military strategists are of the opinion that current RMA hold the potential for producing new form of warfare , enhanced info warfare and digitized combat forces. At the same time based on observations and lessons learnt from Gulf War and Op Allied Force , PLA military strategists perceives certain weaknesses in the US overreliance on advances offered by RMA. Consequently, PLA military strategists besides pursuing RMA advances are also exploiting its weaknesses. and history, developments in modern technology, and the study of foreign army experiences.[9] Military Doctrine 45. Traditionally China followed the concept of peoples war which aimed at compensating its technological inferiority by abundance of its manpower , spact and time. The decline and final end of cold war has denied China to fight manpower based protracted war. Therefore, since 1985, there has been strategic transition in PLA from concept of total war to localand limited technology driven war. 46. War Zone Campaign To enable PLAs [11]. The doctrine is a comprehensive document seeking to bring to fruition the following trends in the PLA: (a) Reduction in the active duty strength of the PLA, with an emphasis on technological quality and training. (b) Increase in the size of Reserves and Peoples Armed Police, to fulfill the role of militias. (c) The PLA will retain many existing weapons and attempt to develop new tactics and techniques to defeat a high-tech enemy. (d) The PLA can only afford to supply limited elite formations with latest equipments and weapons procured from abroad. The indigenous Chinese defence industry will continue to be the source of the majority of modern weapons. (e) Capabilities will emphasize rapid response and joint operations, focusing on precision attack, joint air, naval, special and, information warfare. (f) Command and control organizations will be reorganized to streamline the C3I process. (g) The PLA is going to cut 100,000 personnel per year through much of this decade. By 2010, the total members of the PLA in all services will be less than two million. Volunteers will make up the bulk if not all of the forces. 46. The War Zone Campaign (WZC) envisages three phases: (a) Elite Forces and Sharp Arms ( Jingbing Liqi). Use of a Special operation force to find information of the enemy, dominate him, and make a political statement, forcing him to withdraw. (b) Gaining Initiative by Striking First ( Xianji Zhidi ). This involves pre-emptive strikes against the enemys critical targets, convincing him to desist without having to defeat his armed forces. (c) Fighting a Quick Battle to Force a Quick Resolution (Suzhan Sujue). Involves use of mobile formations such as armour and mechanized infantry for a quick kill, to force a political resolution. 47. Active Defence. The active defense component of nthe doctrine indicates defensive military strategy in Which China does not initiate wars but engages in war only to defend national soverneigty and territorial integrity . The essence of active defence is to take initiative and annhiliate the enemy through RMA related weapons. 48. Local War Under Informatization. The concept of informatization emphasizes the effect of information technologyon military decision and weapon employment .The PlA formerly institutionalized this concept in 2004. Since then , information warfare has been accorded highest priority in Chinas RMA. 49. Information Plus Fire Power Model. Drawing lessons from RMA led US operations in Iraq and Afghanistan , the PLA has developed a new ground force combat model. A new model using information plusfirepower considers ground forces as integrated with in a joint force focused onrapid occupation of key strategic targets and stablisation of battle field. Land Operations 49. The transformation of the PLA away from its historical concept of mass formations geared to fight peoples war to smaller forces with more mobile , long range capability has been accorded highest priority. Since early 1980, manpower reduction has been greatest in land forces. According to Chinese strategists Characteristics of future land operations [12] are considered to encompass the following concepts: (a) Future Land Battle will be Multi Dimensional and Multi Directional. Battles will be fought in the far as well as near distances. The battlespace will not be fixed, and operations will be fought on land, on water, in the air, under water and in space. (b) Time and Space will have New Meaning. Time on the battlefield has been shortened, and modern weapons and high-speed mobile transport will make operational activities faster.. (c) Power and Accuracy to Strike. The primary objective of the battle will mainly be the destruction of enemy command, control, and weapons systems. Smart weapons will make small-scale operational activities highly efficient. The concept of achieving high efficiency at a relatively low cost has become the basic goal of modern warfare and will be even more so in 21st-century land operations. (d) Inform ation Superiority will Be Key to success . The wide application of electronic information technology in the military sphere will integrate information with firepower. It wqill be a tool to defeat superior enemy.. (a) Joint operations will be the norm, for integration and synergy. 50. Current Progress by China towards RMA in Land Operations. In consonancewith the new doctrine China has put tremendous effort toward implementing RMA into its ground forces.. Open source literature [13] indicates the following to be the current status: (a) Reduction in PLAs Strength. The main purpose of RMA in Chinese ground forces is to create smaller more technological advanced forcecapable of participating in PLAS deterrence warfighting and non traditional security missions.Since 1997, ground forces structure has been modified by deactivating, transforming and restructuring of numerous army units. China is continuously reducing strength of its ground forces to make it a leaner and highly mobile force. In addition the nu of ground forces has been reduced from 100 manoevre divisions and 20 manoevre brigades to about 35 manoevre divisions and 41 brigades (b) Rapid Reaction Forces (RRF). To impart strategic mobility with the aim of fighting a successful `peoples war under modern conditions, China has increased the scale of its Rapid Reaction Forces in all its Group Armies. Each Group Army now consists of a tank Division, with a tank transport regiment for added mobility. The RRFs will achieve the objective of regional `mobile defence through mutual rapid support to any affected Military Region (MR). (c) Mechanization and Informatization. Mechanization includes transformation ofs motorized infantry to mechanized units equipped with wheel or tracked armoured unit and self propelled artillery. Informatization includes upgrading existing equipment and introduction of new advanced system, training of peronnels and maintain these system and operational aspects of information and electronic warfare. (e) C4I Modernisation. The PLA has embarked on a well-financed effort to modernise its C4I infrastructure. The modernised C4I system is composed of at least four major networks: a military telephone network, a confidential telephone network, a data communications network and a comprehensive communication system for field operations. One important development has been the laying of fibre optic lines, which now form the core of Chinas long-distance networks and trunk lines. This fibre optic backbone will pose problems to any future adversarys efforts to gain intelligence through SIGINT.[14] (f) Equipment. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, China has selectively equipped only a portion of the ground forces with new weapons, while leaving the remainder to make do with existing equipment.[15] Among new capabilities acquired by PLA ground forces are approximately 200 Type 98 and Type 99 third generation main battle tank. Ground forces have also acquired a new generation assault amphibious vehicle , a 130 km range 12 tubes 200 mm multiple launch rocket system and 6 tube 400mm multiple launch rocket system with the range of 2oo km. Since 1999, PLA ground forces have received a variety of new Chinese-made weapons and equipment, includ ­ing main battle tanks, amphibious tanks, armored personnel carriers, self-propelled artillery, tactical SAM and AAA systems, and small arms. A number of new support vehicles and items have also been deployed (forklifts, maintenance vans, fuel tankers, field kitchens, and ambulances). Of significance is that Chinese electronics and aviation indust ries have provided computers, satellite and microwave communications, optical fiber links, night-vision goggles, frequency-hopping radios, battlefield surveillance equipment, and unmanned aerial ve ­hicles. (h) In summary, the PLA ground forces are on their way to becoming leaner, more rapidly deployable, and are being gradually equipped with weapons that increase the range from which they can strike the enemy. If pursued with deliberate commitment, the transformation of the ground forces in their ability to undertake missions in the 21st century will increase manifold. Naval Warfare 51. It was around nineties that China realised the importance of exploitation of sea for exploitation of energy , the strategic importance of island in South China Sea and consequently the need to ensure security of sea routes played an important role in shaping Chinas maritime strategy. The chief architect of the PLAN modernization drive , Admiral Liu Hua Quing , put forward active green water defence strategy as : (a) Long range manoeuverability of naval fleet. (b) Achieving ultimate deterrence against big powers. (c) Extending PLAN power projection caqpability. (d) The active green water defence strategy was a stepping stone which significantly changed prioritizationbetween three services. The PLAN previously the least important was now given the highest priority. 53. Technology Likely to Revolutionise Naval Warfare. Chinese RMA enthusiasts[16] feel that certain cutting edge technologies are first likely to be employed in naval warfare. These are likely to be: Nuclear technology for propulsion systems. Microelectronic technology to make ships and weapon systems smarter. Stealth technology for ships and missiles to be stealth capable. Infra Red technology for target acquisition and intelligence. Precision guidance technology for weapon accuracy. Satellite technology for navigation, monitoring and warning systems. Super conduction technology will allow ships to travel faster without noise. New materials technology for developing under sea weapon systems. 54. Along with new technology, it is foreseen that the following concepts will dominate naval warfare in the future: (a) Information. The new military revolution will accelerate the digitisation of the naval battlefield. The side controlling information will be able to manipulate the war, attack the enemy with advanced information weapons to paralyse him and destroy important targets with precise firepower. (b) Concentration of firepower will replace concentration of force, due to the combination of an information intensive battlefield and precision weapons. This will result in remote attack becoming a major combat concept. (c) The Rise of the Submarine. Submarines will be relatively impervious to the battlefield transparency on the sea resulting from the extensive application of information technology. As a result, their value in attacking land, sea as well as air targets will be greatly enhanced. (d) Emphasis on Joint Actions. With interchangeable weapon systems and seamless information systems, joint actions will be possible. Any single service will not be able to mount a campaign level operation. 56. The PLA Navys Current Standing. The reform era brought a breath of fresh air to the Chinese navy. Another personality who brought significant modernisation in terms of doctrines, structure, training, up gradation in bases, organisation was General Liu Huaqing. PLANs modernisation proceeded along three paths – indigenous construction, foreign purc