Parent Education and Learning at Home Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Parent Education and Learning at Home - Essay Example The essay "Parent Education and Learning at Home" talks about the ways and the sources very helpful for parents who feel they need assistance getting down to their children, especially when helping them out in doing their homework since most parents want to help, but don’t know the right way to do it. Parents play the most important role in the education of their children, even more than the teacher, or the teacher can only teach, but a parent helps a child sink it in. For a child, only knowing that the parents are concerned is enough to boost his morale and to motivate him to work harder. According to a research, children whose parents are interested in their studies, work several times better than those whose parents are not. The best possible way for a parent to show concern in the child’s education is to take interest in and help the child do his homework since homework is an essential part of education done away from the supervision of the teacher at home. If a par ent concentrates on the child’s performance, the child is likely to do much better than he would without. A question that may arise to minds of many parents would be that why should they help when they send their children to good schools, and that if they ultimately have to do so, what the teachers are for. A simple answer to this question is that a teacher can only teach a student but a parent shapes a child’s mind. No matter how less time a child spends with his parents, it is the time he values and remembers the most. and the things they do together are integrated in his mind much more deeply. So if parents show concern and take interest in their child's education, it gives them motivation and encouragement to put in more effort n waste less time. It also makes them feel good and more attracted towards education and remember what they have studied for a longer period of time. How to help For the parents who feel confused about how and from where to start and how to get helping their children, this essay might prove to be a guide regarding how to interact and deal with them. Following are some of the numerous steps that can be followed in this regard: Set a regular time and place: Setting a regular time and place helps finish the assignments on or before the deadline and makes it a compulsion to study. If a child knows that he/she ultimately has to study during a certain time, he/she is less likely to get distracted due to thoughts of watching television, calling up a friend, playing outdoors or any other activity in this regard during the specific time. Considering setting the time, it might completely vary from family to family and child to child. Some children might do well in the afternoon after school, while some children might shine in the evening or before going to bed. The parent should decide the time according to the child's capabilities and interests. As far as the place is concerned, a fixed study area motivates to study and creates a healthy environment. A table in the room or a corner of the

The impact of feminism on sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The impact of feminism on sociology - Essay Example The moment the law of lift Is violated we see the immediate effects This is a philosophical position. It seeks equality as it relates to political, legal and economic matters (Blumberg, R. 2001,). There are many more aspects but the main thrust is to achieve equality with the male counterpart. Unemployment has been a factor of society over many years. In the past governments somewhat accepted this. In this way welfare recipients were simply entitled to benefits. Since the 1970s there has been a shift in this approach. People were no longer entitled to the benefits. The shift meant that one had to qualify for the benefits. Qualifying had to do with a market economy component. This meant the introduction of the welfare to work principle (Breitkreuz, R. 2005, June)... Those people on welfare were now structured units to enter the job market. This gave focus to the real societal issues. In most societies, those on welfare women out number the men. A further reality is that most these women are mothers. Feminist studies show that employability has at least two direct challenges. First there is the need to deal with the woman’s emotional need. This need is directly related to the family commitment. In many cases the woman is referred to as the lone mother. This lone mother may be making an income. The reality is that the income is informal. In addition the income is small. The lone mother is now trapped in to maintaining this income stream. This can be seen as a coping mechanism. The second issue is the need for education. In most cases there is a skill deficiency. In other words the lone mother has a work skill. The problem is that the work skill is not in demand by the regular business economy. The two issues must be addressed together. This realization helps the society in general. The fact can be seen if we look log term as opposed to the immediate issue at hand. Helping the lone mother in the welfare to work

A Stock Analysis Report On Starhub Economics Essay

A Stock Analysis Report On Starhub Economics Essay The aftermath of the financial crisis in the year 2008 has adversely affected the economic systems in the world; causing liquidity in the credit markets to dry up and eventually resulted in many financial institutions facing insolvency issues. Businesses around the world faced tough times in getting funds as banks became conservative in lending. Financial authorities around the world thus took measures in a bid to control the wide spread of the crisis to reduce the impacts. Singapore was not spared in the crisis too and now sees massive funds, monetary policies and fiscal plans being implemented to ease the situation. In 2009, Singapores GDP decreased by 7.5% from a growth rate of 21.7% in the post-crisis bounce Q2 to 14.2% in Q3. However, there were increasing signs of recovery in Q3, showing an expansion of all sectors in the economy. This reflected a better-than-expected outcome for Singapores GDP growth forecast for 2009 and has been revised upwards to between -2.5% and -2%, from -6% to -4%. The decrease in unemployment rate from 3.1% in 2005 to 2.2% in 2008 as shown in Appendix Table 2.1 also signals that the Singapore economy is recovering from economic slowdown. 1.2 Critical Variables affecting Singapore economy We have identified several critical variables that have significant impact on the Singapore economy. They are namely, the monetary policy, fiscal policy, and external trades. 1.2.1 Monetary Policy One of the key initiative of MAS to ease the economy is adopting monetary policy works through manipulating the exchange rate to influence the economy to achieve low inflation and sustainable growth, taking into consideration the fact that the nature of Singapores economy is strongly correlated because of the economys reliance on exports and the city-state imports virtually all of its needs which will be covered in section 1.2.5 Singapore Export. This resulted in MAS relying on the currency rather than its interest rate as its policy tool. Currently, MAS has abandoned its strong currency strategy in which it has implemented since April 2004 and has maintained its loose monetary policy zero per cent appreciation for the Sing dollar despite a modest recovery from recession since 2002 (CNA, 2009a). The maintaining of its relaxed monetary policy of zero per cent appreciation of the S$SNEER policy band came about on October 10, 2009 (Bloomberg, 2009). This new policy is a complete U-turn of MAS stance when MAS called for a quicker exchange-rate appreciation to damp inflation six months ago. Strengthening the Sing dollar, which has been adopted by MAS since April 2004, is a move to tame the increasing inflation as Singapores annual inflation rate has moved up to 7.5% in a new 26-year record high (CNA, 2009b). However, inflation for the upcoming year is expected to fall with the increase in commodity prices. Although MAS Monetary Policy Statement does not state the reason for the new policy except that the economy is deteriorating and inflation is on the rise rapidly, we analyze that the new policy will help Singapore exporters in the long run, and this will be covered under section 1.2.5 Singapore Export. This will encourage a strong growth recovery in the upcoming year and we foresee that the Singapore economy will be favorable to investment despite the gloomy world economy originating from US recession. This is due to the fact that Singapore does not rely only on US but other trading partners from other nations. 1.2.2 Fiscal Policy On the fiscal front, the government has been responsive to the evolving challenges confronting the Singapore economy and has enforced it full force. Subsequently, with the onset of the global financial crisis and credit crunch, the government announced a $2.3 billion package towards the end of 2008 to loosen credit lines and help local businesses gain access to loans (MAS, 2009). In view of the rapidly deteriorating economic environment, a $20.5 billion (8.2% of GDP) resilience package was delivered to save jobs, to address structural challenges, help viable companies stay afloat and enhance the economys long-term capabilities. For instance, the corporate income tax rate will be reduced from 18% to 17%, starting from YA2010, to boost competitiveness and attract investment to spur job creation. In addition, the government is also pressing ahead with long-term investments in infrastructure, education and healthcare to make Singapore a world-class city. Thus with these policies implemented, growth rate for Singapore economy is expected to rise further in 2010 (IRAS, 2009). 1.2.3 Inflation Inflation occurs when demand exceeds supply, causing prices of goods and services to rise. Over the years, the Singapores inflation rate has been on a rise from 0.5% in 2005 to 6.5% in 2008 which is in line with the consumer price index (CPI1) which also raised from 100.4 in 2005 to 110.3 in 2008 as shown in Appendix Table 1.4 (Government of Singapore, 2009). The rise in inflation is mainly driven by higher food and transport costs in Singapore. This leads to slower growth of the money supply in the economy as well as higher interest rate are charged for borrowing money. Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) has recently announced that its inflation forecast for 2010 to be between 2.5 and 3.5 per cent as a flood of foreign investment raises asset-bubble worries (JakartaGlobe, 2009). A fall in inflation means that the overall price level of goods will decrease and that consumer purchasing power will raise, simulating consumer spending as well as the economy. 1.2.4 External Factors The outlook of Singapores economy is closely linked to global conditions which is the international trade performance. In other words, positive global economic developments would suggest a healthy economy in Singapore. Singapores consumer price index (CPI1) is driven by external factors such as oil and food commodity prices which is determined by the growth of the world markets. Emerging market economies, especially in Asia, continue to recover strongly. For instance, Indonesia, Singapores fourth largest trading partner, with bilateral trade valued at S$75.1 billion saw a rise of 13 per cent from 2007 (Borhan. H., 2009). In addition, private-sector economists currently expect the US economy to expand by 2.7% in 2010, from a projected -2.4% this year, adding further to the bright outlook of the export markets. 1.3 Forecast for Singapore Economy We expect that the growth in the first and second quarters in 2010 is likely to be moderated, taking in the fact that exportation is expected to remain depressed. However, in the third quarter onwards, we analyse that the economy will shift towards positive as a result of the stimulative policies implemented by the governments of its trading partners. The Singapore economy will thus ride on this wave of economic recovery and progression. In addition to this is the fact that MAS will continue to be vigilant over the progress of the economy and has implemented a series of policies. With the continued implementation of the S$SNEER policy, it will further strengthen Singapores export markets, encouraging an increase in its export rates due to cheaper goods from Singapore. Furthermore, the resilience package which the government delivered will continue to reap positive effects in the economy as more companies are able to tide through this tough period, saving jobs and increasing employment rate in the process. 2. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 2.1 Overview of Singapore Info Communication Industry We have selected info communication industry as the industry suitable for investment. Over the years, the infocomm industry has greatly enhanced Singapores competitiveness by raising productivity and transforming business processes. 2.1.1 Defensive Industry We have indentified infocomm industry as a defensive industry. Telecommunication and internet services are an integral part of business operation and will still be required even in times of recession. The info communication industry plays an important and essential role that supports the Singapore economy to function as a major communication hub. As such, our selected industry will appeal to investors as defensive industries as the values of these stocks are generally maintained during economic downturn. 2.1.2 Market Structures Oligopoly The Singapore infocomm industry was liberalized in April 2000 by IDA to promote competition among existing players and create opportunities for new market entrants. Following that, big companies like StarHub and M1 were awarded licenses to set up telecommunications operations in Singapore (IDA, 2000). This leads to a transition of the market structure from monopoly previously dominated by SingTel to oligopoly. Singapores Info-communication industry is dominated by three major companies namely, SingTel, MobileOne (M1) and StarHub. Currently, SingTel holds the number one position with a 46.4% market share. StarHub came in second with 27.9% market share while MobileOne stands third with 25.7% market share as of 2008 (IR Market Research Corp, 2009). Since a large percentage of the market is taken up by these firms, they tend to cooperate with each other by keeping their prices competitive to take full advantage of the profits in the industry. 2.1.3 Past Sales and Earnings Performance Singapores info communication industry is one of the key contributors to the Singapore economy. From Appendix Chart 2.2, we infer that the overall infocomm industry experienced a stage of constant growth during the period of 2004-2008. The revenue of the industry has been constantly increasing from $34.77 billion in 2004 to $58.10 billion in 2008. This represents an overall growth of 40.2 per cent (IDA, 2008a). Based on the trend given in Appendix Chart 2.2, we infer that the infocomm sector has past the rapid acceleration growth and currently in the stage between mature growth and stablisation market maturity. The public are now familiar with the industry, profit margin continues to grow and begins to stabilise as shown in past three years performance. The Info communication industry in Singapore relies on both the domestic and export markets. Since the domestic market is limited to Singapore, major companies in the sector such as SingTel have expanded its business to overseas. In 2008, the 61% of Singapores infocomm total revenue was contributed by export composition (IDA, 2008c). Based on the annual survey of info communication industry 2008, Singapores infocomm export experienced a constant growth rate of 77.6% from 2004 ($19.86 billion) to 2008 ($35.28 billion) as shown in Appendix Chart 2.4. While Singapores infocomm domestic experienced an overall grow of 53.1% from 2004 ($14.91 billion) to 2008 ($22.82 billion) and strong growth of 25.9% from 2007 ($18.13 billion) to 2008 ($22.82 billion) as shown in Appendix Chart 2.5 (IDA, 2008c). 2.2 Government Initiatives towards Info Communication Industry Singapores government support plays an important role in the growth of the infocomm industry. Over the years, IDA has been continuously working on creating demand and opportunities to enhance competition and sustain growth in the infocomm industry through short and medium term policies, regulations and guidelines. For instance, IDA has been working on programmes such as the Overseas Development Programme to assist local infocomm companies in expanding into international markets through collaborating with major local infocomm companies (IDA, 2009a). Singapore export infocomm has been a key contributor to the overall growth of the industry. In 2008, 61% of Singapores Infocomm total revenue was generated by the export sector (IDA, 2008c). On top of that, the government has recently developed a go-to-market strategy to accelerate market access and expand business opportunities through marketing products and services offered by local infocomm companies to potential foreign customers through overseas tradeshows and seminars (IDA, 2009d). This would help promote the Infocomm industry, create more overseas business opportunities as well as increasing the profit margins of Singapore Infocomm exports in the following financial year. As for domestic of infocomm, the government will be investing S$1.73 billion on the infocomm industry to meet the demand of businesses and citizens through increasing business efficiency (IDA, 2009c). To promote effective competition, IDA has also recently released new advisory guidelines which obligates major mobile operators such as SingTel, StarHub and M1 to cease the fixed early termination charges on customers who sign on mobile contracts for no longer than three months and terminate before the end of their contract with effect on 1 March 2010. This would mean higher competition between firms in the upcoming year which would aid in the growth of the industry (IDA, 2009e). 2.3 Porters Competitive Forces Model 2.3.1 Rivalry among Existing Firms The rising demand for mobile broadband services has attributed to the stronger competition between the three major operators SingTel, StarHub and MobileOne. Competitors are now providing higher quality and value-added services at more attractive prices. For instance, SingTel is offering the all-in-one Mio Home packages that include broadband Internet access, home fixed line and Mio TV at an attractive price. In addition, SingTel and M1 are also offering rewards such as monthly bill rebates to promote loyalty from existing subscribers and new phone set at attractive prices to attract new customers. Besides that, they are also offering full mobile number portability services to allow subscribers to retain their existing phone number even if they switch to another service provider. As such, the competition between these companies would further drive the infocomm industry. 2.3.2 Bargaining Power of Customers Since Singapore Infocomm sector are dominated by SingTel, StarHub and M1, customers will have to accept the service plans offered by these companies. As such, customers in the telecommunication industry have little bargaining power since the price of products and services are mainly determined by these companies and. For example, customers who wish to buy an iphone would need to subscribe to 3G data plans and pay a fixed price plan set by the mobile provider. Thus, even if there is a price cut, it is most likely caused by competition within the industry rather than customers bargaining power (MSN, 2009). As such, major infocomm companies have the ability to influence the market price of their products and services while keeping prices competitive to take full advantage of the profit margin thus making the industry attractive to invest. 2.3.3 Bargaining Power of Supplier The suppliers of the major infocomm companies are recognised as having strong bargaining power over the industry. For instance, the suppliers of StarHubs Max Cable TV are mainly contents providers such as Cartoon Network, HBO, etc and handsets suppliers such as Nokia, Sony Ericsson, etc. With the recent acquisition of the distribution rights of Apple iPhone, Apple Inc would become the new supplier of StarHub. These suppliers have high power in exercising the price and quality of the product. For example, in order to broadcast a particular channel on Max Cable TV, StarHub would need to pay a price set by the channel providers. 2.3.4 Threat of New Entrants The ownership of a telecom license can represent a huge barrier to entry. Singapore infocomm industry of was liberalized in April 2000 by the government with the objective to increased competition among existing players and to create opportunities for new market entrants. However, since most citizens already own at least one mobile phone and tied to their service plans, it would be difficult for new entrant to penetrate into the market as they would need to come out with a large sum of money for set up as well as to compete with existing competitors in price, quality and services. As such, the threat of new entrant to major players such as SingTel and StarHub is low (Point-Topic, 2009). 2.3.5 Threat of Substitute Products or Services Our team infer that there are currently no close substitutes in other industry since the Singapore infocomm industry is constantly keeping up with new technology and infrastructure it would be hard for other industries to come out with substitute products or services. As such, the threat of substitute products or services to the major infocomm companies is also minimal. 2.4 Forecast for Info Communication Industry It is expected that the info communication industry will maintain its performance in this economic slowdown. The defensive industry as a whole remains stable and continues to grow even at times of economic slowdown which is an appealing choice for investor. Thus we have grounds to believe that revenue for infocomm industry will sustain and that the industry will achieve a stronger grow to be in line or even go beyond the forecasted growth of the general economy for 2010 (IDA, 2008a). 3. COMPANY ANALYSIS REFERENCES Bloomberg. (2009). Singapore, in recession, ends currency gain policy (update2). Retrieved December 19, 2009, from http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087sid=a0P7GXmf4hEsrefer=home Borhan. H . (2009). Islands of optimism. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from http://www.iesingapore.gov.sg/wps/portal/WCMPreview?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/My+Portal/Main/Past+Events/Islands+of+optimism Business Wire. (2009, August 12). Research and markets: Singapore key statistics, telecom market and regulatory overviews. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from LexisNexis Academic database. BuySingapore. (n.d.). Singapores infocomm technology (ict) industry. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http://www.buysingapore.com/InfoComTechnology.aspx Channel News Asia. (2009a). Singapore will maintain policy of steady dollar. Retrieved December 18, 2009, from http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/1010760/1/.html Channel News Asia. (2009b). Singapore inflation rate hits new 26-year high of 7.5% in April. Retrieved December 18, 2009 from http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/349581/1/.html Choudhury, A. R. (2009). Singapores fixed broadband subscriber base to cross 1m. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http://a1preview.asia1.com.sg:90/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=ae8f219aeaf63210VgnVCM100000430a0a0aRCRDvgnextchannel=802a67c086322110VgnVCM100000bd0a0a0aRCRD Government of Singapore (2009). Time series on cpi (2004=100) inflation rate. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/economy/hist/cpi.html IDA. (2008a). Performance of the infocomm industry. Annual survey on infocomm industry for 2008, (p. 7). Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http://www.ida.gov.sg/doc/Publications/Publications_Level2/20061205092557/ASInfocommIndustry08.pdf IDA. (2008b). Performance of the infocomm industry. Annual survey on infocomm industry for 2008, (p. 8). Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http://www.ida.gov.sg/doc/Publications/Publications_Level2/20061205092557/ASInfocommIndustry08.pdf IDA. (2008c). Performance of the infocomm industry. Annual survey on infocomm industry for 2008, (p. 9). Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http://www.ida.gov.sg/doc/Publications/Publications_Level2/20061205092557/ASInfocommIndustry08.pdf IDA. (2009a). Overview. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http://www.ida.gov.sg/Infocomm%20Industry/20060406160952.aspx IDA. (2009b). Internationalisation. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http://www.ida.gov.sg/Infocomm%20Industry/20060418122545.aspx IDA. (2009c). Singapore government continues to invest in infocomm. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http://www.ida.gov.sg/News%20and%20Events/20050713151856.aspx?getPagetype=20 IDA. (2009d). Public service infocomm exports receive stronger push. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http://www.ida.gov.sg/News%20and%20Events/20090615154025.aspx?getPagetype=20 IDA. (2009e). Consumers to benefit from new guidelines on telecommunication services. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http://www.ida.gov.sg/News%20and%20Events/20091215141259.aspx?getPagetype=20 IR Market Research Corp. (2009). 4Q09 Singapore mobile operator forecast, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2009, from http://www.marketresearch.com/product/display.asp?productid=2495384 IRAS. (2009). Overview of Tax Changes Announced in Budget 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from http://www.iras.gov.sg/irasHome/page.aspx?id=7906 JakartaGlobe. (2009). Singapore expects growth, but asset bubbles a worry. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http://thejakartaglobe.com/business/singapore-expects-growth-but-asset-bubbles-a-worry/342607 MAS. (2009). Recent Economic Developments in Singapore. Retrieved December 20, 2009, from http://www.mas.gov.sg/resource/eco_research/eco_dev_ana/Recent_Economic_Developments.pdf MNEWSP. (2009, September 2). Singapore fund third quarter earnings. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from Factiva database. MSN. (2009). Singtel wins epl rights. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http://sports.sg.msn.com/commented/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3616738ucpg=4 Paul Budde Communication. (2009a). Singapore telecommunications infrastructure. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reportinfo.asp?cat_id=330report_id=223874q=Starhubp=1 Paul Budde Communication. (2009b). Singapore telecoms, mobile and broadband. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reportinfo.asp?cat_id=330report_id=838318q=Starhubp=1 Point-Topic. (2009). Singapore broadband overview. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http://point-topic.com/content/operatorSource/profiles2/singapore-broadband-overview.htm Reuters. (2009a). Update 1-singapore lifts inflation view, sees modest 2010 growth. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http://news.alibaba.com/article/detail/markets/100202930-1-update-1-singapore-lifts-inflation-view%252C.html Reuters. (2009b). Singapore lifts inflation view, sees modest 2010 growth. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/business/43905-singapore-lifts-inflation-view-sees-modest-2010-growth Reuters. (2009c). Singapore forecasts 2010 GDP to rise 3 to 5 per cent. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http://www.asiaone.com/Business/News/Story/A1Story20091119-180874.html StarHub. (2009). Home hubbing pack lite at $41.73 per month. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from http://www.starhub.com/promotions/hubbing/97569.html

The Effectiveness of Selection Interviews Essay -- Business Interviews

The Effectiveness of Selection Interviews Evaluate the relative effectiveness of selection interviews as an indicator of likely candidate suitability in the case of a selected business, making recommendations for improvements in procedure. D1 The interview is the final stage of the Recruitment and Selection process. Candidates can be classified as the applicants for a vacancy that they have seen advertised. The chosen business for this question is M&S. It is here at this stage, the M&S employee (who is the candidate) and the employer are generally in the meeting situation. An interview is a form of test or assessment. However, it is also clarified as a formal discussion, especially one in which an employee assess, n applicant for a job. Interviews are always conducted and arranged for all sorts of other jobs, particularly retailing jobs such as M&S.At times the employer has the process of going through letters, CVs, application forms, and examination of references, which will mean that only a few number of applicants are more unlikely to be interviewed for the job. This is because interviews take up time of senior managers who have to carry them out, and this will be also costly for the business. Apart firm this, there are however good and bad statements to be made on selection interviews. Depending on the attitudes and relationships between the interviewee and the interviewer, there can be good and bad turnouts that could effect M&S. The process of selection interviewing Almost every employer includes a face-to-face interview as part of the selection process. The initial selection interview might be delegated to a recruitment agency or a local job center, but most employers would be more reluctant to take on new employees without having met them in person. The interview, however, continues to be the most popular and frequently used method of selection, even though it is thought that research studies have found interviews to be poor predictors of future performance in a job. This is referred to as low validity. The poor validity of interviews means that they don not test what they intend to test. For example inside at M&S, it would mean the ability to do well. The reasons for this mainly lie with interviewer concerns number of interviewer errors contribute to the low validity of interviews, and awareness of th... ...le when assessing intelligence, interest in the job applied for, motivation and personality. The producers of such tests have stated that they are accurate and completely unbiased. They are supposed to be particularly good at assessment of personality. For example, they can show if a candidate would work well in a team or would be more effective working alone. The following of theses tests are of the following:  · performance tests  · knowledge tests  · aptitude tests  · intelligence tests  · personality tests Assessment centers tests Job applications are subjected to a wide range of assessments over a whole day or two. They are required to participate in group exercises, psychometric tests, aptitude tests and traditional interviews. By using a mixture of assessment this process is claimed to produce more accurate result. the applicants are given longer to prove themselves and there fore become more relaxed and more nataul.however recent development now mean that these assessment centre exercises can be videoed and then sent to a team of independent experts to be properly analysed.this insures that the candidates have their performance assessed objectively.

Causes of Cold War

Causes of the Cold War The Cold War was a very dangerous period of history that lasted from 1945 to 1991. The Cold War was started almost immediately after the surrender ing Germany to the end of World War II there was a threat tot the planet and its existence if this war was ever to be fought. Both upheld a great amount of resources into the expanding their military readiness. It was more than a war between two countries, it was a war between different ideologies in fear of the government.In the United States a â€Å"witch hunt† was carried out against communists, as they feared that communism would take over the country and in the Soviet Union people were â€Å"fenced in† by fear of the police and government and they were not free to travel abroad as many escaped from the hard reigning regime (Artikkel). After World War II two great powers emerged in the world. The world was split into two spheres, the West and the East. The power in the West rested in the hands of th e United States and the power in the East the power rested in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.The USSR wanted to spread its ideal government, Communism in Eastern Europe and create a â€Å"buffer zone† as defense against any attacks by the U. S. (Capitalists) or by Germany. In 1946 Europe was split in two the West and East(western democracies and the United States and the Soviet Union and Soviet occupied territory). In Berlin, the capital of Germany a wall was erected to separate theWest the East side, The was known as the â€Å"Iron Curtain†, it was a symbolic of the treat each side felt from the other. The U. S. and U. S. S.R. were as different as day and night. Therefore neither trusted the other completely. A capitalist economy is based on private ownership, private profit and free competition, it encourages private individuals to own businesses and make profits (capitalism). On the other hand a communist economy is very different. The economy is controlled by the government and the country's wealth and resources are owned by the state or government. The state controls and plans all economic activity so that everybody benefits (communism).During World War I and II, the USSR was invaded multiple times resulting in many russian casualties. The USSR began planning making sure they would be secure from any future attack or aggression along the western border. Stalin, the USSR leader, decided to surround Russia with a buffer of â€Å"friendly† countries. The U. S. was afraid that the ideology of Communist would spread largely and vasty. When the USSR began attempting to improve its security by having satellite states, the U. S. saw this as an attempt by the USSR to spread the influence of Communism throughout the world.The United States had the nuclear bomb and soon after that Russia had a nuclear bomb also. Since neither side trusted the other and both wanted to extend their great ideology to the rest of the world, the Cold War hea ted up. Each side constantly believed the other wanted to destroy the other and felt the need to create a better military force. A military tension began between the two countries. The United States also expanded its navy, armed ships with new technology. Scientists were developing new weapons to aid this military buildup.Russia, too also built up their military as well. During this time period, while the Russians pushed the Germans out of their border, they also pushed inwards into Eastern Europe. Russia occupied many countries, making it easier for them to establish control and as they established controls in these areas, they gave the local Communist parties a lot of support. Thus, widened their influence in their countries and brought along Moscow-trained Communist leaders who had gone to the USSR during the war spreading the influence of Communism ((Artikkel).Meanwhile Stalin saw this as an opportunity to establish his ideal one-party governments in these countries , he combine d all allie government and removed their partners which were needed as the Communist Parties in the different countries were not strong enough on their own to gain the support of the people and govern the country. The USSR was now able to continue and increase/maintain power in Eastern Europe, successfully forming the satellite states (Iron Curtain). The arms race had a different result on the economies for each country.The US experienced great economic expansion, new companies were founded by the people to supply the needs of the military. More money was being pumped into the society and as people received more money, they wanted choices how to spend their money. So businesses that expanded this economies expansion. Resources were diverted from one area to provide for the expansion of the military. Since the government owned everything, new companies formed took resources from other areas of their economy.The military expansion robbed resources the provided needs for the needs of t he people hence the result was a shortage of food and other necessary goods for the day to day survival. The arms race resulted in a contraction of the Russian economy. In June 1947, the Marshall Plan was put into effect in order to stop the Russians from influencing any of the weakened western powers(Marshall). Meanwhile the United States sent billions of dollars to help aid to Europe democracies and rebuild vastly reducing the influence of Communism. This brought back Western Germany and rebuilt it as a new ally in US’s fight against USSR.As a result of Russia rejection of aid to Marshall Plan, East Germany was not completely rebuilt, the lack of reconstruction showed and also during its reunification. The Communists never paid for all of the reconstruction cost while Germany’s economy did taking big hit in their economy. The Truman Doctrine, a plan to help states going through a struggle for freedom against their oppressors, was instituted in 1948. President Truman said, â€Å"I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures (Truman). Communism was only allowed to areas already under Soviet control, and Americans would resist Soviet expansion everywhere else. The Truman Doctrine could not have been more clearly directed towards East Germany and, technically, West Germany (Truman). Germany was still under the power of an outside force and also under the power the Deutsches Demokratische Republik. In 1949 the Allies made good on what they promised in the Truman Doctrine and unified West Germany into the BDR (Federal Republic of Germany) and also the Russians instituted the DDR, which turned out to be more of a regime than a government (Truman).

Supervisory techniques

The word counseling can be defined as the process of helping persons who are fundamentally psychologically healthy or otherwise resolve developmental and situational issues. Supervisory techniques are essential and incorporate some advances that may not be themselves referred as counseling such as creative problem solving but have similar aim. A successful counselor has a mature and well balanced state of mind and temperament and places him/her self in the shoes of the counselee, and has the ability to respect their (counselee) opinions, thoughts, feelings and emotions.After evaluating the story as described, a realistic, practical solution can be developed individually at first if this is beneficial, and then jointly to encourage the participants to give their best efforts at orienting their relationship with each other. It must be noted that the change in situations like financial status, physical health, and the influence of family members and friends can have an adverse negative influence on the conduct, responses and actions of the those counselee.The scope of counseling covers a wide and diversified field of study as it includes what one would imagine far and beyond these identified topics;- Abortion counseling, Brief therapy, Career Counseling, Christian counseling, Counseling psychology, Credit counseling, Cross-cultural counseling, Disaster counseling, Disciplinary counseling, Ecological counseling, Family & marriage counseling, Genetic counseling, Grief & trauma counseling, Marriage counseling, Pastoral counseling, Relationship counseling , Rehabilitation counseling, Sexual trauma counseling, Suicide intervention etc. 1.0) Pregnancy Options and Abortion counseling This provides information and support for a pregnant woman who is considering between the choices regarding the continuation of the pregnancy. The choices include continuing the pregnancy for parenting or adoption and pregnancy termination. In reality, qualified advisors take the information with certainty and encouragingly that helps each woman make the best decision for her. Counselors require up-to-date knowledge of local and national laws governing women's pregnancy choices, especially concerning adolescents and their rights to make such decisions.The tie between forced abortion and mental health is no more associated with psychological danger than carrying an unwanted pregnancy to term. Psychological effects of abortion It was noted that adverse emotional reactions to the abortion are influenced by pre-existing psychological conditions and other negative factors and, furthermore, that well-being was separately and positively related to employment, income, and education, but negatively related to total number of children. The kind of stress and the amount of stress women experience varies from culture to culture.Emotional distress may occur in a majority of women who are contemplating or have had an abortion due to a number of factors, including pre-existing mental health problems, the status of the woman's relationship with her partner, poor economic status, poor social network, or conservative views held on abortion. The term â€Å"post-abortion syndrome† was used as it was stated that it had been observed post-traumatic stress disorder which developed in response to the stress of abortion.While some studies have shown a correlation between abortion and clinical depression, anxiety, suicidal behaviors, or adverse effects on women's sexual functions for a small number of women, these correlations may be explained by pre-existing social circumstances and emotional health and various factors, such as emotional attachment to the pregnancy, lack of support, and conservative views on abortion, may increase the likelihood of experiencing negative reactions. Abortion might mean a selection of women at higher risk for suicide because of reasons like depression.The study concluded that compared to other women in the group those who had an abor tion were subsequently more likely to have â€Å"mental health problems including depression, anxiety, suicidal behaviors and substance use disorders. 1. 1) Career Counseling Career choices are based on matching personal traits (aptitude, abilities, resources, personality) with job factors (wages and environment for success. This framework contains three sections: a) Acquaintance with the necessary requirements and conditions of achievement, positive and negative effects, returns, opportunities, and prospects in different area’s of work.b) A true reasoning of the relations of these two groups of facts 1. 2) Christian counseling Christian counseling is carried out by a qualified counselor who upholds Christian ethics values, beliefs and philosophy. The uniting element is the therapist, who has integrated a combination of Christianity, psychology, and psychotherapy into the applied program. Counselees look at Biblical guidance and counseling as a perfect relationship with a ca ring counselor directed toward increased awareness of themselves, others, the societies and cultures in which they live, and their understanding of the Christian God.The therapy may take an ad-hoc approach, focusing simply on the therapy session itself. Clients may be more comfortable with a Christian counselor, and they may feel such a person's advice is more sensitive to their personal or religious needs. Some clients also wish to use the Christian Bible as a reference for their counseling sessions and therapy. 1. 3) Disciplinary counseling A disciplinary counseling is a session or a meeting between an employer and an employee or a supervisor and his/her junior employee.It may focus and put more emphasis on a specific work place scenario or in carrying out a performance appraisal. The counseling process may be scheduled, initiated and executed by the supervisor and is not considered disciplinary. It is conducted in ultimate privacy, and is intended to have a constructive goal of p roviding feedback to the employee to correct the problem. 1. 4) Pastoral counseling Pastoral or Biblical counseling is a branch of therapy in which ordained ministers, rabbis, priests and others provide therapy services.These include Marriage and Family Counselors. Pastoral counseling is essentially a non-licensure. Counselees often will not pay for pastoral counseling of counselors without state licensing which is often synonymous with pastoral care that include Christian Counselors, Clinical pastoral education.. 1. 5) Rehabilitation counseling This type of counseling takes interest on assisting those with disabilities to achieve their personal, career, and independent living goals through a counseling process.Though educational programs have began to appear, it is not until the availability of adequate funding for rehabilitation counseling programs that the profession begun to grow and establish its own identity. 1. 6) Suicide intervention Counseling Suicide intervention is an eff ort to stop or prevent persons attempting or contemplating suicide from killing themselves. Individuals who utter the intention cause harm to self are routinely determined to lack the present mental capacity to refuse treatment, and can be transported to an emergency department against their will.Medical advice pertaining people who attempt or consider suicide is that they should immediately go or be taken to the nearest emergency room, or emergency services should be called immediately by them or anyone aware of the problem. Modern medicine treats suicide as a mental health issue. According to medical practice, severe suicidal ideation, that is, serious contemplation or planning of suicide is a medical emergency and that the condition requires immediate emergency medical treatment. Those suffering from depression are considered as high-risk group for suicidal behavior.When depression is a major factor, successful treatment of the depression usually leads to the disappearance of sui cidal thoughts. However, medical treatment of depression is not always successful, and lifelong depression can contribute to recurring suicide attempts. 1. 7) Career Counseling A career was initially taken as a course of successive situations that make up a person's work life. One can have a sporting, musical or any other without being a real professional athlete or musician, but most frequently â€Å"career† in the 20th century referenced the series of jobs or positions by which one earned one's money.Career Assessments are tests that come in a variety of forms and rely on both quantitative and qualitative methodologies and helps individuals to identify and better articulate their unique interests, values, and skills. These type of advisors evaluates major interests, values and skills, of the client and also help them explore career options and research graduate and professional schools. This field is vast and includes career placement, career planning, learning strategies a nd student development.Typically when people come for career counseling they know exactly what they want to get out of the process, but are unsure about how it will work Career counselors work with people from all walks of life such as adolescents looking to explore career options or with experienced professionals looking for a career change. Career advisors normally have psychology, vocational psychology, or industrial/organizational setting. The approach of career counseling varies by practitioner, but generally they include the completion of one or more assessments. 1.8 Credit counseling It is also known as debt counseling. This is a process offering education to consumers about how to avoid incurring debts that cannot be repaid. This process is actually more debt counseling than a function of credit education. This type counseling involves discussing with lenders in ascertaining a debt management plan (DMP) for a consumer. A DMP may help the debtor repay his or her debt by worki ng out a repayment plan with the creditor. DMPs, set up by credit counselors, usually offer reduced payments, fees and interest rates to the client.It merely gives a fresh start and an opportunity for the client to begin building a positive credit history. Criticism for credit counseling These sharp increases of credit counseling activity also created other, more serious issues in the industry and they include: a) Exploitation by most credit guidance organizations are so significant which leads to criticism of the entire industry. b) Another common criticism of credit counseling is the assertion that participating in a Debt Management Plan will ruin a consumer’s credit.d) Severally many credit advice firms hire untrained staff to do credit counseling. References 1) Swanson, J. L. and Parcover, J. A. (1998). Annual Review: Practices and Research in career counseling and development — 1997. The Career Development Quarterly. 47, 2, 98-135. 2) Kim, B. S, Li, L. C. , and Li an, C. T. (2002) Effects of Asian American client adherence to Asian cultural values, session goal, and counselor emphasis of client expression on career counseling process. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49, 3, 342-354.